Informative Essay Adolescent Gun Violence in America

On an unseasonably cold March morning in 1993, high school sophomore Edward Gillom exited his first period classroom and made his way through the crowded hallways of Harlem High School. After engaging in a heated argument, allegedly over a girl, with Ronricas â€Å"Pony† Gibson and Ricoh Lee, Gillom pulled out a .38-caliber gun and opened fire. Gillom’s shots fatally wounded Gibson and left Lee with a non-fatal gunshot wound to the neck (Washington Ceasefire, 2011 pg 1). The shooting in Harlem, Georgia sparked national attention as one of the first high school shootings and added to the alarmingly high rates of gun violence by adolescents during the 1990s. According to the Virginia Youth Violence Project, forty-two homicides took place in†¦show more content†¦Heller, the court ruled that â€Å"the Second Amendment protects a pre-existing individual right to keep and bear arms†¦including, ‘the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation’† (National Rifle Association, 2011 par 4). Although the Constitution gives individuals the right to bear arms, it does not exclude â€Å"prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places†¦or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of firearms,† (Romano Wingert, 2011 par 13). In recent years here has been much discussion among the nation’s lawmakers and their constituents as to whether or not the Second Amendment is still constitutional; the question is whether or not the Second Amendment should be revised, to prohibit the sale of firearms to those who do not meet certain conditions and qualifications, or even removed from the constitution. According to a national survey of 1,005 high school students, conducted by Vittes, Sorrenson and Gilbert, â€Å"63.7 percent of high school students believe that regulating the sale o f guns does not violate the constitution† (2003, pg 12). In the same survey, 64.6 percent responded that they would support stricter laws addressing the sale of firearms, and 82.2 percent of those surveyed, believe that the government should make and enforce laws making it more difficult forShow MoreRelatedSchool Safety2079 Words   |  9 Pagesacts of violence occurring on a daily basis. American citizens should never have to cope with the negative impact of school violence, no matter how often they hear about the tragedies (Jones, Parents 1). In the past, schools were viewed as a safe place for children to get an education. Recently, the concern over violence in schools has taken a toll on many parents, school administrators, and legislatures (Eckland 1). Studies have shown that there are over 3 million acts of violence in AmericanRead MoreEffects of Reading Comic Books5082 Words   |  21 Pagesscenes. The Bayeux tapestry in Normandy (c1100) has sometimes been claim ed to be an early example of a strip cartoon (Sabin, 2005). A. Rise of the Comic Strip Rodolphe Tà ¶pffer, a Swiss artist, formalised his thoughts on the picture story in his Essay on Physiognomics in 1845 (Comics, 2007). Satirical drawings like Punch in newspapers were popular through the 19th century. In Germany in 1865 the strip Max and Moritz, by Wilhelm Bush was published in a newspaper. Comics as we know now were firstRead MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 PagesDeveloped Asia and the United States of America. Despite this easy accessibility of popular culture - film, television, music and radio - to young people, popular culture and adolescence are not mutually exclusive with the effects and the range of mass media affecting one in three adults in America. [3] Thus, the appeal for this investigation was personal and lay in my yearning to discover whether this correlation between violence and popular culture really existed,Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesappear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying

Morphological And Physiological Effects Of P - 863 Words

2.2. Morphological and physiological effects of P in plant 2.2.1. Root morphology 2.2.1.1. Root architecture Some plants alter the architecture of their root systems under P stress conditions to optimize P acquisition (Richardson et al., 2011). Due to the relative immobility of P in the soil, with the highest concentrations usually found in the topsoil and little movement of P into the lower soil profiles adaptations that enhance acquisition of P from the topsoil are important (Vance et al., 2003). Under P deficiency, various species from different families develop so-called proteoid roots (Figure 2). These are bottlebrush-like clusters of rootlets of limited growth with an average length of 0.5 to 1 cm. The rootlets are closely arranged along lateral roots and are usually covered with long and dense root hairs (Purnell, 1960; Dinkelaker et al., 1995; Watt and Evans, 1999). The name, proteoid roots, derives from the fact that most species in the family Proteaceae can develop such root clusters when they are grown in infertile soils (Purnell, 1960; Dinkelaker et al., 1995). Figure 2: Proteoid roots produced by white lupin with (A) and without (B) phosphate.: proteoid roots of P-sufficient plants, marked as proteoid (+P); lateral roots of P-sufficient plants, marked as lateral (+P); active proteoid roots of P-deficient plants, marked as proteoid (-P); lateral roots of P-deficient plants, marked as lateral (-P). (Adapted from: Watt and Evans, 1999). One of the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Radiation in Inducing Mutation on the Growth of Zea Mays1557 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Radiation in Inducing Mutation On the Growth of Zea mays1 Milanie Joy S. Baradi BIO 30 Section S-1L October 10, 2011 ____________________ 1A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Biology 30 laboratory under Professor Neilyn O. Villa, 1st semester, 2011-2012. ABSTRACT To determine the effects of gamma radiation in inducing mutation on the growth of corn (Zea mays), an experiment using corn seeds exposed in to differentRead MoreAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to1400 Words   |  6 Pagespsychiatric condition whose symptoms are regarded as an illegal activity. In most cases, this term is described on the basis of drug use, which is the main focus of many research and treatment programs. Generally, drug addiction has significant negative effects on individuals using the drug and those around them such as family and friends. Family and friends are usually forced to watch their loved ones wilt away in illicit drug use. While addiction has traditionally been regarded as a psychiatric conditionRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Brain Centers Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesmost widely used drug in the Western Hemisphere, its cognitive effects robustly revolve around memory. There have been many studies done on the chemical effects that marijuana has on the brain centers concerned with memory and learning. There are more productive studies relating to the effects of cannabis o n short-term memory that show different memory processes effected by this drug. Though there is not much knowledge on the effects the drug has on long-term memory due to suspected confounds thatRead MoreEssay On Gram-Negative Bacteria1045 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, the apoptotic index (bax/bcl2 expression ratio) was significantly increased after treating with 50 and 100 ÃŽ ¼g/ml LDEVs (p0.05). Nearly, 2.05 and 2.28 times increase were seen at the concentrations of 50 and 100 ÃŽ ¼g/ml LDEVs in comparison with control group, respectively (figure 5). 3. Discussion The formation of EVs and the delivery of different components via these vesicular structures are common among Gram-negative bacteria, especially during the infection. But there are few studiesRead MoreA Study On The Genome Wide Association Mapping Has Become A Popular Way Of Quantitative Trait Locus1338 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine linkage disequilibrium decay rate and population structure in a winter wheat population of 276 accessions which has been genotyped with the ILLUMINA infinium 90k chip and to identify markers associated with yield and its components, morphological, phenological, and drought tolerance-related traits. Wheat is the world’s third most important food crop next to maize and rice, (Green et al., 2012). It accounts for one-fifth of total production among major cereal crops and provides 55Read MoreNeanderthal Origin, Behavior, and the Characteristics that Compare and Differentiate Them from Homo Sapiens1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdispersals of both species had begun to take effect. In addition to this inevitable factor, dispersals allowed these populations to search for better resources, such as abundant food supply, fresh water, and refuges that provided better shelter (Rosenberg et al. 2011). If the colonization of a new environment is successful, then over time the population will begin to differentiate. The development of diversity (which can include behavioral, morphological, and genetic variations) can be viewed as theRead MoreThe Effect Of Reduced Rainfall On Root Plasticity Of Soybeans3344 Words   |  14 PagesThe Effect of Reduced Rainfall on Root Plasticity of Soy beans in Inter-cropping and Agroforestry Systems Introduction Prior to 1965, agricultural systems depended mostly on the cycling of internal resources, in-situ biological control mechanisms and natural rainfall patterns (Evenson and Gollin, 2003). Food-crop productivity was modestly stable until the introduction of the Green Revolution (GR) where extensive agricultural research has led to the development of heavy machineries, advanced irrigationRead MoreThe Collection Of Oil Polluted Water Samples1117 Words   |  5 Pagesenriched in Sabouraud dextrose broth medium (20 g glucose, 10 g peptone, 5 g yeast extract and distilled water up to 1 L; pH 5.6). Enriched cultures were incubated in an orbital shaker (150 rpm) for 48 h. After this enrichment, suspensions in physiological saline were used to inoculate duplicate modified Wickerham agar (supplemented with 100 mg/L chloramphenicol) and modified Sabouraud dextrose agar plates with yeast and fungi, respectively. All media were modified by using filtered seawater insteadRead MoreThe Effect Of Meta l Content On Different Trophic Levels1527 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigated areas, only liver weight and relative liver weight were significantly higher only in the Norway rat (R. norvegicus) specimens from the polluted area (t = –7.007, p 0.001; t = –5.751, p = 0.005, respectively) (Table 3.4). This increase in liver weight and relative liver weight may be indicative of considerable physiological and histological alterations and could be explained by exposure to toxic levels of non-essential metals (Sà ¡nchez-Chardi et al. 2009). Significant differences in hepaticRead MoreThe Effect of Recycled Water Irrigation on Young Olive Trees1160 Words   |  5 Pages irrigating trees by SLI system using reclaimed water could increase N and Mg uptake 138 and 8% respectively. Plants irrigated with RW showed improved growth (42%) leaf area26% and photosynthesis 23.4% compared with CL water. Furthermore Mg, Na, K, P and N surprisingly increase 12, 59, 30, 7, and 92 % respective ly in leaf tissue in application recycle water. In overall, this experiment showed that recycled water could be a favorable resource for olive trees irrigation and SLI irrigation system was

Health Care as a Social Good

Question: Compare and contrast the UK healthcare system with US? Answer: Although availability of advanced health care services is high in both UK and USA, the systems for providing such services are completely different in both countries (Craig, 2014). In UK the government is responsible for providing health care services. On the contrary, health care system of US depends on private organizations. In UK, although everyone can access the services provided by NHS, often patients require to wait for long time for accessing the facilities (Ham, 2012). In US, services provided by the organizations in health care sector are expensive and thus every one cannot get services of same quality. However in US patients do not require to wait for treatment. In this essay heath care systems of UK and US are analyzed to understand the similarities and differences between both models. Comparative analysis of the health care systems of UK and US is conducted on basis of some features of systems followed in both countries. The features include main healthcare service provid ers in both countries ,access to health care by common people, insurance policies in both countries, presence of infrastructure and patients attitude in both countries. The essay also contains brief overview of the health care systems in UK and US. Financial resources required for offering health care services are mainly provided by the Government in UK (Freeman et al., 2014). The government collects the fund from taxes paid by common people. As Government agency, NHS, is the main provider of health care services, most of these services can be accessed at free of cost by citizens of the country. In England voluntary insurances cover about 13% of common citizens (Hoffman and Emanuel, 2013). However such insurances are used for accessing services provided by private organizations. In case of UK, providers of primary care are considered as first point of contact for accessing health care services. Although the primary care services are provided by self employed general practitioners , other professional like pharmacists and dentists are also categorized as primary care providers (Hunter and Perkins, 2014). The patients can a only access emergency health care services if the problems are not resolved by primary service providers. E mergency services can also be accessed in case of accidents. In UK the practices for providing community based care is becoming more popular. The patients who require long treatments can access such facilities. Community care services are also provided to those patients who are not suffering from critical diseases or do not require any emergency treatment. Quality of the services provided by main health care provider, NHS, is evaluated by the Care Quality Commission (CQC). CQC evaluates the activities of NHS and provides assistance to the organization for improving quality of its existing services (Hunter and Perkins, 2014). The Government of UK also focuses on improving quality of the services provided by private organizations. The activities of private organizations in UK are monitored and assessed by CQC. Foundation Trusts of NHS are regulated by Monitor. In UK heath protection activities of common people are conducted by Heath Protection Agency (HPA).NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) is responsible for assessing the medicine and treatment policies of NHS. The organization is also responsible for modifying the existing policies. Analysis on the health care sector indicates that the quality of services provided by this sector is closely monitored by different agencies of UK government. As a result, quality of the services is maintained. However the patients get less freedom for choosing their treatment policies. Most of the services in health care sector are provided by private organizations of US. As most of the organizations of US health care sector are privately owned, per capita spending of people in US for accessing health care services is more than that of any other countries. Liu et al., (2013) states that a market based approach is used for providing health care services in US. As these services are costly , most of the citizens of US empathizes on buying insurance policies . Expenses on insurance account for major portion of the total spending on health services. In US accessibility of health services depends on financial capacity of a patient, accessibility of health services is not ensured. Although quality of services is not maintained in all cases, availability of innovative medical facilities is high in US. In US very few of total population is unable to buy any insurance policies (McConkey and White, 2012). In US, often large number of deaths is caused due to lack of insurance policies. Although accessibility of medical services in US is limited by sending capability of a patient, patients have more freedom for choosing their treatment policies. Currently in US health care monitoring and regulatory policies are not efficient to standardize the services provided by different organizations in medical sector (Shi and Singh, 2012). However, the federal government is developing policies for developing a centralized system for health care monitoring and quality assurance. Analysis between the healthcare systems of UK and US reflects that both systems are different from each other. In UK medical services are accessed by everyone due to implementation of social insurance policies of NHS. In US, the number of people who are not covered by insurance policies cannot accesses medical facilities of high quality. As in UK, government is responsible for providing health services, selection of treatment policies are not decided by patients. In US, market based approach is used for provoking health care services. As a result , in number of visits to doctor is higher than the number of visits in UK. In UK patients are provided with urgent health care services if their complete treatment cannot be done by general practitioners. In UK, the process of accessing medical facilities is more time consuming. As a result success rate of some diseases such as cancer is higher in US. Analysis made in the essay indicates that both the systems followed in UK and US have some advantages and disadvantages.US policies can be implemented in UK health care model for delivering services to patients in less time.US can follow the health acre monitoring policies of US to maintain quality of the medical services. References Craig, D. (2014). Health Care as a Social Good. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Freeman, K., Field, R. and Perkins, G. (2014). Inconsistencies in Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) policies: A review of 20 NHS acute trusts. Resuscitation, 85, p.S11. Ham, C. (2012). What will the Health and Social Care Bill mean for the NHS in England?. BMJ, 344(mar20 2), pp.e2159-e2159. Hoffman, A. and Emanuel, E. (2013). Reengineering US Health Care. JAMA, 309(7), p.661. Hunter, D. and Perkins, N. (2014). Partnership working in public health. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. Liu, V., Read, J., Scruth, E. and Cheng, E. (2013). Visitation policies and practices in US ICUs. Critical Care, 17(2), p.R71. McConkey, D. and White, R. (2012). PA1 Assessing the Progression of the UK NHS Health Care Reforms and the Impact on Health Care Delivery. Value in Health, 15(7), p.A283. Shi, L. and Singh, D. (2012). Delivering health care in America. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones Bartlett Learning.

Open Text free essay sample

Connect’s main strength is its user-friendly, windows based interface, which allows user to seamlessly perform all document management activities, with only minimal training required. This simple and easy to use windows interface enviroment is fully integrating with Microsoft windows explorer, Word, Powerpoint and Outlook. Open Text has spent a lot of time and money patenting this interface as it the critical value-added selling point that differentiates Enterprise Connect from its competitors. Enterprise Connect is also integrated with Oracle, as it builds solutions on the Oracle Content Database structure. This allows for customers who already have an Oracle database, which is one of the most popular databases used in the world today, to fortify existing investment. As well Enterprise Connect is deeply integrated with SAP as Open Text has shared two-decades of partnerships can co-development with SAP, which is one of the most widely used ERP systems today. Competitive Analysis Market Leaders 1)IBM )EMC 3)Open Text Primarly Competitors: 1) IBM (Founded:1910, Size: 386,558, Location: 1 New Orchard Road Armonk, NY 10504): Strength: In 2007, IBM was the largest ECM vendor based on revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Text or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their ECM solution, FileNet, is a well integrated, fully flexible ECM solution. IBM will be able to successfully sell FileNet through its extensive partner service channel and current leading positions in key vertical markets including its traditional financial services, insurance, banking and government markets. Weakness: However, IBM has two content management solutions, DB2 and FileNet and questions are beginning to arise as to whether IBM will be able to fully integrate them into a single, simply to use solution. As well, although FileNet does have strong integration, it is still not fully integrated with all of IBM’s software solutions creating havoc for current IBM customers. 2) EMC (Founded: 1979, Size: 38,600, Location: 176 South Street Hopkinton, MA 01748) Strength: EMC has been a consistent market leader in the ECM market leader. Their ECM software solution Documentum, addresses the entire content life cycle, from capture through to final archive and in this way provides strong document collaboration. Weakness: While the collaboration software solution provided by Documentum is very useful and beneficial, there are a few draw backs to using it. The main disadvantage being that Documentum’s software requires the use of a complex and complicated IT infrastructure. This requires an extensive amount of installation time and can be a major inconvenience to those business professionals who are always busy and on the go. Oracle (Founded: 1977, Size: 84,233, Location: 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065): Strength: Oracle’s ECM solution, Oracle Universal Content Management (OUCM) is a well-integrated software solution and has the strongest integration with Oracle databases than any other ECM provider. This is a major strength as Oracle is one of the most popular databases used today. OUCM will also has access to one of the most robust set of complementary technologies and resources. As well Oracle has an extensive selling channel and customer base. Weakness: Oracle has been known for only supporting its own software. There still remain questions as to the support Oracle will be able to give for other platforms outside the Oracle infrastructure.

Aids Essays (4346 words) - HIVAIDS, HIV, Kaposis Sarcoma

Aids Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Today, despite the continuing production of better antibiotics since the discovery of penicillin, we are facing an infectious disease against which all these drugs are virtually powerless. This disease is spreading inexorably, killing more people and more people each year. AIDS does not know no national boundaries and does not discriminate by race or sex. It is rampaging not only throughout the United States, but also through Africa, India, China, Russia, Europe, South America, and the Caribbean countries. Even infants and children are at risk. AIDS is similar to the bubonic plague or the BLACK DEATH that killed perhaps one-third in Europe in the 14th century. Yet, the difference from the Black Death and AIDS is that it is in slow motion because the infectious agent that causes AIDS can remain dormant in a person's body for several years before it causes illness, and because death from AIDS can be slow and drawn out once symptoms appear. AIDS is essentially a disease of the immune system. The body's defenses are destroyed and the patient becomes prey to the infections and cancers that would normally be fought off without any trouble. In 1984 it was proved that AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A virus is a minute infectious particle that enters and kills the immune cells, or lymphocytes. Because it destroys the very mechanism humans rely on for protection, prior to 1996 contracting Aids was considered a death sentence. For many years, 85 to 90 percent of all AIDS patients died within three years. They might have recovered from one infection only to succumb to another a few months later. Between infections they remain weak, emaciated and unable to work or carry on normal activities. In late 1996, almost 15 years after the first reported AIDS cases, researchers made the discovery that a certain combination of newly developed drugs could substantially prolong life in some AIDS patients. But AIDS is a fiendish virus. When researchers cleared it out of a patient's bloodstream, it hid in the lymph nodes. Scientists, figured out how to banish it from the lymph nodes, they found the virus lurking in the brain. Although, there is hope for a cure because they have done some experiments isolating a gene and it has had good results in some people infected with AIDS. The area that many people are concerned is with Southeast Asia-particularly India. At 900 million, India's population is almost double that sub-Saharan Africa, which, with 13.3 million HIV-positive adults, accounts for 60 percent of the world's total adult infections. The major reasons for such spread in India and following Africa is the high rate of their population, poverty rate, and other risk factors all point to a likely explosion. The number of HIV infections worldwide doubled between 1991 and 1996-and that number is expected to double again by the year 2000. By the turn of the century, about 44 million people will have fallen victim to the virus that causes AIDS. The signs of hope do not stop by the reason of Prevention Programs which they have succeeded in reducing HIV-infection rates dramatically among young men in Thailand and young women in Uganda-two of the countries hit hardest by the3 disease. The rate of new infections have also dropped sharply among gay men in the United States, Australia, Canada, and western Europe. However, many ingredients of the AIDS epidemic are still mystery. The cause of AIDS remained uncertain for several years after its discovery. Even now, there are questions about how efficiently the AIDS virus spreads, whether it will kill everyone who gets it, and why the virus is do devastating to the immune system. It's initial spread was in the United States was among groups that are frowned upon by society-homosexuals and intravenous(drug users)- AIDS has a stigma associated with it. This makes the disease difficult to confront rationally. However, people are terrified even by the word of AIDS. The virus does not get transmitted by any body contact neither through the air. However, the disease does not pass from one person to another through the air, by sneezing, on eating utensils, by shaking hands, or through body contact in

Geography and Information About the State of Louisiana

Geography and Information About the State of Louisiana Capital: Baton RougePopulation: 4,523,628 (2005 estimate prior to Hurricane Katrina)Largest Cities: New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Shreveport, Lafayette and Lake CharlesArea: 43,562 square miles (112,826 sq km)Highest Point: Mount Driskill at 535 feet (163 m)Lowest Point: New Orleans at -5 feet (-1.5 m)Louisiana is a state located in the southeastern portion of the United States between Texas and Mississippi and south of Arkansas. It features a distinct multicultural population that was influenced by French, Spanish and African peoples during the 18th century due to colonization and slavery. Louisiana was the 18th state to join the U.S. on April 30, 1812. Prior to its statehood, Louisiana was a former Spanish and French colony.Today, Louisiana is most known for its multicultural events such as Mardi Gras in New Orleans, its Cajun culture, as well as its economy based on fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. As such, Louisiana was severely impacted (like all Gulf of Mexico states) by a large oil spill off of its coast in April 2010. In addition, Louisiana is prone to natural disasters like hurricanes and flooding and has recently been hit by several large hurricanes in recent years. The largest of these was Hurricane Katrina which was a category three hurricane when it made landfall on August 29, 2005. 80% of New Orleans was flooded during Katrina and more than two million people were displaced in the region.The following is a list of important things to know about Louisiana, provided in an effort to educate readers about this fascinating U.S. state. Louisiana was first explored by Cabeza de Vaca in 1528 during a Spanish expedition. The French then began exploring the region in the 1600s and in 1682, Robert Cavelier de la Salle arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi River and claimed the area for France. He named the area Louisiana after the French king, King Louis XIV.Throughout the rest of the 1600s and into the 1700s, Louisiana was colonized by both the French and Spanish but it was dominated by the Spanish during this time. During Spains control of Louisiana, agriculture grew and New Orleans became a major trading port. In addition, during the early 1700s, Africans were brought to the region as slaves.In 1803, the U.S. took control of Louisiana after the Louisiana Purchase. In 1804 the land purchased by the U.S. was divided into a southern part called the Territory of Orleans which eventually became the state of Louisiana in 1812 when it was admitted into the union. After becoming a state, Louisiana continued being influence d by French and Spanish culture. This is shown today in the states multicultural nature and the various languages are spoken there. Today, unlike other states in the U.S., Louisiana is divided into parishes. These are local government divisions that are equivalent to counties in other states. Jefferson Parish is the largest parish-based on population while Cameron Parish is the largest by land area. Louisiana currently has 64 parishes.Louisianas topography consists of relatively flat lowlands located on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi Rivers alluvial plain. The highest point in Louisiana is along its border with Arkansas but it still below 1,000 feet (305 m). The main waterway in Louisiana is the Mississippi and the states coast is full of slow-moving bayous. Large lagoons and oxbow lakes, like Lake Ponchartrain, are also common in the state.Louisianas climate is considered humid subtropical and its coast is rainy. As a result, it contains many biodiverse marshes. Louisianas inland areas are drier and are dominated by low prairies and low rolling hills. Average temperatures vary based on location within the state and the northern regions are colder in the winters and hotter in the summers than those areas closer to the Gulf of Mexico. Louisianas economy is heavily dependent on its fertile soils and waters. Because much of the states land sits on rich alluvial deposits, it is the U.S.s largest producer of sweet potatoes, rice, and sugarcane. Soybeans, cotton, dairy products, strawberries, hay, pecans, and vegetables are also abundant in the state. In addition, Louisiana is well-known for its fishing industry that is dominated by shrimp, menhaden (mostly used to make fishmeal for poultry) and oysters.Tourism is also a large part of Louisianas economy. New Orleans is especially popular due to its history and the French Quarter. That location has many famous restaurants, architecture and is the home of the Mardi Gras festival which has been held there since 1838.The population of Louisiana is dominated by Creole and Cajun peoples of French ancestry. Cajuns in Louisiana are descended from French colonists from Acadia in what were the present-day Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island . Cajuns are mainly settled in southern Louisiana and as a result, French is a common language in the region. Creole is the name given to people born to French settlers in Louisiana when it was still a colony of France. Louisiana is home to some of the most famous universities in the U.S. Some of these include Tulane and Loyola Universities in New Orleans and the University of Louisiana in Lafayette. References Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Louisiana - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0830418.htmlState of Louisiana. (n.d.). Louisiana.gov - Explore. Retrieved from: louisiana.gov/Explore/About_Louisiana/Wikipedia. (2010, May 12). Louisiana - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana

Starbucks and Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study

Starbucks and Corporate Social Responsibility - Case Study Example This rlativ brand familiarity and th prcptin f it bing stablishd indpndntly f a glbal playr lik Starbucks may hlp initial markting ffrts. Th caus-rlatd markting initiativ cmplmnts Starbucks' rcnt fcus n incrasing its cmmitmnt t scially rspnsibl practics, including prviding thically-prducd cff. Caus-rlatd prjcts hav bcm an incrasingly ppular way f cnncting with cnsumrs as thy tap int shard attituds and valus. (Barr, 2007, 234-67) Th Starbucks Crpratin, a Sattl, WA basd cff hus, fllws sm fairly standard practics fr mting tday's thics and cmplianc. Fr businsss t rmain cmptitiv and hld rspct frm bth th businss wrld and its custmrs, a businss must striv t mt and vn xcd th lgal and thical standards that hav bcm th xpctatin tday. Starbucks mts ths bligatins by fllwing its wn cd f thics alng with mting th lgal rquirmnts and th xpctatins f its custmrs and invstrs. (Jams, 2005, 72-89) Rl f thics and CmpliancTh rl f thics and cmplianc in Starbucks financial rganizatin is up frnt and wvn int th backbn f th cmpany. All partnrs must nsur th accuracy and intgrity f Starbucks crprat rcrds.Mst imprtantly this includs rliability and accuracy f bks and rcrds, as wll as hnsty in disclsurs and in prviding infrmatin. Financial rcrds, bks f accunts, financial statmnts and rcrds f Starbucks ar maintaind in accrdanc with th rquirmnts f law and gnrally accptd accunting principls. All f Starbucks assts and liabilitis ar prprly rcrdd in its financial rcrd bks. Csts and rvnus ar rcrdd in th right tim prids. Th sal has nt fficially bn cmpltd until thr is vidnc f a sals agrmnt, th titl has passd, and th sals pric can b dtrmind and is rasnably cllctibl (Starbucks 2009). Accrding t Starbucks principals rcrding a sal until thn, wuld b a misrprsntatin f rcrds. Starbucks blivs that cnducting businss thically and striving t d th right thing is vital t th succss f th cmpany (Jams, 2005, 72- 89) Fr th third yar in a rw, thisphr Magazin has namd Starbucks as n f th Wrld's Mst thical Cmpanis. thisphr cnductd data analyss n hundrds f cmpanis basd n thir rspnss t svral survys, as wll as dcumnts and infrmatin rsarchd and rqustd by thisphr t cnfirm survy rspnss. vry cmpany was thn givn an Q scr basd n th rsults f th survy and masurd against svn distinct catgris. Ths catgris wr Crprat Citiznship and Rspnsibility; Crprat Gvrnanc; Innvatin that Cntributs t th Public Wll Bing; Industry ladrship; xcutiv Ladrship and Tn frm th Tp; Lgal, Rgulatry and Rputatin Track Rcrd; and Intrnal Systms and thics/Cmplianc Prgram (Jams, 2005, 72-89) Starbucks thical Bhavir PrcdursStarbucks has bn succssful thrughut th past dcad by cnducting businss with a strng blif in thical bhavir. As a rsult, Starbucks has arnd a rputatin as an industry ladr and rl mdl in rgards t businss thics. It is n surpris that Starbucks has bn rankd as n f "Wrld's Mst thical Cmpanis" by thisphr magazin fr thr yars in a rw(Jams, 2005, 72-89)Th fundatin f Starbucks rganizatinal cultur is utlind in th Standards f Businss Cnduct Manual. It is usd as a larning tl fr nw rcruits and can b usd as a rfrnc manual during daily pratins. Cmpany rfrncs play a

Plant and Fungus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant and Fungus - Essay Example Variably, fungi that include mushroom and yeast contribute in the preparation of beverages and are of medical value. Notably, my personal interaction with plants and fungi depicts positive results and their relevance in facilitating individual’s wellbeing. The organisms bear fruits, seeds and other products that are of high value to human life. Most people have been using the yields from the organisms as a source of food, fuel, energy and beverage. It has come into my attention that some seed plants and fungi are good medicinal products that are used in curing certain diseases that affect human development (Jabr, 2011). Secondly, the yields from the items are used in achieving nutritional balance since they provide food rich in diverse nutrients. Similarly, fungi organisms are widely depended on by most farmers as farm fertility boosters as they facilitate decomposition and recycling of organic matter (Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson & Campbell, 2014). Farmers use them in ripening Roquefort and other products including blue cheese. From my interactions with the organisms, it is apparent that human welfare and vibrancy is dependent on the kind of food items, products one uses and the freshness of the environment. No one can thrive without consuming healthy food with superior nutritional content and breathing fresh air. It is inevitably true that I am in the business of using various types of plants and fungi, and they are affecting my life positively. In particular, I use maize, rice, wheat, mushroom and potatoes as food in most occasions. The food items constitute my favorite meals ever since, and their preference is based on the nutritional value (Reece et al, 2014). Subsequently, flowering plants such as tea, coffee and cocoa have formed key sources of my beverage. On the other hand, yeast that is a renowned type of fungi remains a vital source of my alcoholic beverage.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS - Essay Example Section 2 provides a comparative analysis of the impact of IFRS’ adoption on financial reporting quality and capital market). Section 3 evaluates the consequences and overall impact of adoption of the IFRS in EU and Section 4 is concluding part of the essay. Accounting quality is an important aspect of financial reporting as this information serves as a strategic source for stakeholders and influences their decisions. With the adoption of the IFRS the rules and norms of financial reporting have been changed and modified, causing different opinions among various groups of stakeholders (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). It is widely debated whether the adoption of the IFRS has improved the quality of financial reporting among the EU firms (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Thus, for example, several researchers have analysed the impact of IFRS adoption and the change in cash flows and net income, and concluded that the companies applying IAS have more value relevance of earnings, less earnings management and more timely loss recognition between the period before and after adoption of IFRS (Barth et al 2008; Christensen, Lee & Walker, 2008). These researchers believe that reliance of the IFRS leads to higher accounting quality, how ever, only in case of the firms are incentivised to be transparent and to adopt IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). According to Christensen, Lee & Walker (2008), the firms, which were forced to adopt the IFRS, did not show improvements in accounting quality. Some researchers have identified some potential problems associated with the IFRS adoption and financial reporting quality. One of the concerns related to IFRS adoption and its impact on the accounting quality is associated with risk of different interpretations of IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Researchers determined some of the following areas for possible variations in interpretation: intangible

Luteolin and Kaempferol From Cassia Alata

Luteolin and Kaempferol From Cassia Alata LUTEOLIN AND KAEMPFEROL FROM CASSIA ALATA, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ITS METHANOLIC EXTRACTS ANEELA WAHAB, TAHIRA, SABIRA BEGUM, ANJUM AYUB, IFFAT MAHMOOD, TALAT MAHMOOD, AQEEL AHMAD  AND NIDA FAYYAZ Abstract Cassia alata also known as candlebush is a medicinally important plant. In the present investigation we are reporting the isolation and structure elucidation of two flavonoids kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) isolated from methanolic extract of its beans through bioassay guided fractionation. The structure of isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as EIMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In this article we are also presenting the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of its leaves (CA-L), stem (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN). All the extracts showed remarkable antibacterial and weak antioxidant activity whereas moderate antifungal activity was only found in stem (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN) extracts. Introduction Cassia alata (Synonym; Senna alata) belonging to the family Leguminosae and subfamily of Fabaceae, commonly known as seven golden candlesticks, and ringworm senna (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012). This plant is native to the West Indies, tropical America, found wild almost throughout India and Pakistan (Khare C.P., 2007). C. alata with golden blooms is a summer bloomer and a striking spring that last for several weeks but prefer cooler month for flowering (Ray A.B., et al., 2010, Krishnan M. K. S., 1992). This shrub may grow up to 3 meters tall with irregular, angled, glabrous branches. Flowers have bright yellow colour. It has long, membranous, dehiscent pods with 25 or more seeds per pod (Ross I.A., 2003, Bhattacharjee S.K., 2004). Cassia alata is widely used as traditional medicine in India and Southeast Asia ( Reezal I., et al., 2002 ). This plant is reported to possess insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, hydragogue, sudorific, diuretic, pesticidal properties. Fresh leaves juice is used for ring worm, snakebite, scorpion bite, skin diseases, impetigo, syphilis sores, itching, mycosis (washerman’s itch), herpes and eczema. Roots, leaves and flowers of this plant possess many biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, expectorant and also useful in urinary tract problems (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012), asthma, bronchitis and constipation (Joshi S.G., 2000). The ethyl acetate extract of C. alata leaves possess hypoglycaemic activity (Ray A.B., et al, 2010). This plant also has hepatoprotective property. The main constituents of C.alata are flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, tannins, sterols and triterpenes (Neharkar V.S., Gaikward K.G., 2011). The pr esent paper describe the isolation and characterization of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). Herein we are also reporting the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of leaves, stem and beans of this plant. All the extracts showed significant antibacterial (Table 2) and weak antioxidant activity (Table 4). Antifungal activity (Table 3) was only observed in the extract of stem and beans. Experimental Materials and Methods General: Silica gel PF254 (Merk) was used for vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on pre-coated silica gel F254 (Merck). Gel permeation chromatography was performed on sephadex LH-20 (Pharmcia). The EIMS (electron impact mass spectrometery) were scanned on Jeol-JMS HX-110 mass spectrormeter. The 1H and 13C-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer operating at 300 and 75 MHz respectively. The chemical shift values are reported in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (ppm) relative to SiMe4 (Tetra methyl silane) as an internal standard. The coupling constant (J) is given in Hz. Plant Material: The Cassia alata was collected from Karachi (Sindh) and identified by Mr. Ghulam Rasool. A voucher specimen (86464) has been deposited in the herbarium at Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. Extraction and Isolation: The air dried leaves (7 kg), stem (5 kg) and beans (5 kg) of Cassia alata were extracted repeatedly with methanol at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to give 2 kg crude extract of leaves (CA-L), 3 kg crude extract of stem (CA-S) and 750 g crude extract of beans (CA-BN). The dark greenish brown gummy crude extract of beans (CA-BN) was partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), water (discard) and n-butanol fractions. Each fraction was concentrated in vacuum to have 15 g EtOAc and 15 g n-butanol soluble fractions. The EtOAc soluble fraction was further partitioned with n-hexane to obtained n-hexane soluble fraction and n-hexane insoluble fraction. The n-hexane soluble fraction (14 g) was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) (n-hexane: n-hexane: EtOAc in order of increasing polarity) which furnished 22 fractions (Fr-1-Fr-22). The Fr-15 was subjected to reverse-phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (CHCl3;CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasin g polarity) which yielded 12 fractions (Fr-15-1-Fr-15-12). The Fr-15-9 was further subjected to reverse phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasing polarity) furnished 18 fractions (Fr-15-9-1-Fr-15-9-18). The Fr-15-9-10 eluted with n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH (0.5:3:1.5) gave yellow amorphous powder which showed single spot on TLC using CHCl3: MeOH (9.2:0.8) as a solvent system was identified as kaempferol (1) (37 mg). The Fr-15-9-9 was further subjected to reverse-phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasing polarity) which yielded 13 fractions (Fr-15-9-9-1 to Fr-15-9-9-13). The Fr-15-9-9-3 eluted with n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH (0.5:3:1.5) showed single spot on TLC (CHCl3:MeOH, 9.2:0.8) appeared as yellowish powder and was identified as luteolin (2) (27 mg). Biological assay: Screening of antibacterial activity: The disc diffusion method (Bauer et al, 1966) was used to determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts. 100 mg/ml of stock solution was prepared by dissolving extracts in DMSO. Sterile filter discs containing 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of stock solution were used for screening. The Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid) plates were seeded with 24 hours old culture grown in Mueller Hinton broth (Oxoid). The prepared discs were placed onto the surfaces at different positions and plates were incubated at 37à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 24 hours. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of inhibitions in mm. Gentamicin was used as a standard. Screening of antifungal activity: Antifungal activity was also determined by disc diffusion method (Bauer et al, 1966) as above. Briefly, a small amount of culture was transferred to 2-3 ml distilled water or normal saline in a screw capped tube with few glass beads (1 mm in diameter) and vortexes for 5-10 minutes to make a homogeneous suspension of fungal culture. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates were seeded with this suspension. Sterile filter discs containing 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of stock solution were placed onto the surfaces at different positions. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 week. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of inhibitions in mm. Gresiofulvin was used as a standard. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): MIC of methanolic extracts were determined by the disc diffusion method ( Bauer et al, 1966). Sterile discs containing different concentrations of samples varying from 0.98 to 1000 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g per disc were prepared. The MIC of those extracts showing maximum zone of inhibition against microorganism were calculated ( Table 2 ). Antioxidant activity: Antioxidant activity was determined by using the method described by Lee et al. (1998). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was prepared in ethanol (300  µM). 10  µL of each extract and 90 ÃŽ ¼L solution of stable radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was added in 96 well micro titer plates and incubated at 37 º C for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 515 nm by using a spectrophotometer. Percent inhibition of radicals by treatment of test sample was determined by comparison with a DMSO treated control group. % Inhibition = (absorbance of the control-absorbance of the test sample) x 100 Absorbance of the control Ascorbic acid was used as standard control. The EC50 value calculated denotes the concentration (in ug/ml) of sample required to scavenge 50% of DPPH Characterization of Kaempferol (1) Yellow amorphous powder. 1H-NMR à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (300 MHz, CD3OD): 8.09 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-2’, 6’), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-3’, 5’), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z: 286 [M]+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reported in literature (Hadizadeh F., et al, 2003, Gangwal A., et al, 2010). Characterization of Luteolin (2) Yellow amorphous powder. 1H- NMR à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (300 MHz, CD3OD): 7.39 (1H, dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6’) ,7.36 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2’), 6.88 (1H, d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5’), 6.53 (1H, s, H-3), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z: 286 [M]+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reported in literature (Saeidnia S., et al, 2009). Results and discussion: The phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extracts of Cassia alata beans resulted in the isolation of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). Compound (1) showed molecular ion peak at m/z 286 having molecular formula C15H10O6. Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed the characterstic peak of H-2’ and 6’ as a doublet at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  with ortho coupling of 8.7 Hz whereas H-3’ and 5’ with similar ortho coupling appeared at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.91 as a doublet.1H-NMR spectrum of 1 further displayed signals of aromatic protons as a doublet at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.19 (H-6) and at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   6.43 (H-8) showing meta coupling of 1.8 Hz. The EIMS spectrum of compound (2) is similar to (1) having same molecular mass (m/z 286) and formula (C15H10O6). In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 2 characterstic peak of H-3 appeared at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.53 as a singlet. Other important signals observed at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.88 (d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5’), à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  7.36 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2’) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  7.39 (dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6’). The aromatic protons H-6 and H-8 showed same à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and J value as in compound 1. The 13C-NMR spectrum (Table 1) of both compounds 1 and 2 displayed signals of nine quaternary and six methine carbons . All the 13C assignments are in agreement with the reported data (Gangwal A., et al, 2010, Saeidnia S., et al, 2009). The results of antibacterial activity indicated that all the methanolic extracts of C. alata (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) have potential to kill various pathogenic gram+ve and gram-ve bacteria (Table 2), whereas good antifungal activity was observed in CA-S and CA-BN extracts against Fusarium specie (Table 3). All the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) showed less than 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals in antioxidant activity (Table 4). CONCLUSION: The known flavonoids kaemferol (1) and luteolin (2) were isolated from the methanolic extracts of C. alata beans. The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques. Pharmacological investigations have indicated that all the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) of this plant possess significant antimicrobial and weak antioxidant activity. References: Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493–496. Bhattarchrjee, S.K. and Michael,A.M. (2004). Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers Jaipur 302003 (Raj), India, pp. 77-78. Gangwal, A., Parmar, S.K., Sheth, N.R. (2010). Vol. 2(1). Triterpenoid, flavonoids and sterols from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. Scholars Research Library. pp. 307- 317. Hadizadeh, F., Noaman, K., Hossein, H., Randa, K.A. (2003). Kaempferol from Saffron Petals. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. pp. 251-252. Joshi, S.G. (2000). Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, Calcutta, India, pp. 117. Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants.Springer.New Delhi, India, pp.126. Krishnan, M.K.S. (1992). Vol.3. The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi, India, pp. 328. Lee, S. K., Zakaria, H., Chuyng, H. L., Kuyengl, L.,Games, E. J. C., Mehta, R. J., Kinghorn, D., and Pezzuto, J. M. (1998). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products.Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening.1: 35-4 Neharkar, V.S., Gaikwad, K.G. (2011). Vol. 2(1). Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves against Paracetamol-induced hepatic injury in rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences: pp. 783-788. Quattrocchi, U., F.L.S. (2012). Vol.5 R-Z: CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton New York, USA, pp. 236-237. Ray, A.B., Chansouria, J.P.N. and Hemalatha, S. (2010). Medicinal Plants: antidiabetic and Hypoglycaemic Activities. ibdc Publishers Lucknow, India, pp. 95. Ross, I.A. (2003). vol.1. Medicinal Plants of the World. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 165-166. Reezal, I., Somchit, M. N. and Abdul Rahim, M. (2002). Vol.1. In vitro Antifungal Properties of Cassia alata (GELNGGANG BESAR). Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources. pp. 654-659. Saeidnia, S., Yassa, N., Rezaeipoor ,R., Shafiee, A., Gohari, A. R., Kamalinejad, M., Gooderzy, S. (2009). Vol. 17(1). Immunosuppressive principles from Achillea talagonica, an endemic species of Iran. Journals.tums.ac.ir: pp. 37-41. Table 1. C13-NMR spectral data of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) in CD3OD (ppm) at 75 MHz Table 2. Antibacterial activity of different extracts of Cassia alata (zone of inhibition in mm) CA-L= Cassia alata Leaves, CA-S = Cassia alata Stem, CA-BN = Cassia alata Beans. Table 3. In Vitro Antifungal activity (zone of inhibition in mm) Table 4. Antioxidant activity of Methanolic extracts of C.alata

Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy :: essays research papers

Hume’s counter-analogy does not succeed in undermining Paley’s argument from design. Paley clearly explains to his reader that humans are so complicated that we must have been made by a designer. Hume argues that since the universe is not a human art, and is more like an animal, it does not need a designer. Paley argues that the complexity and functionality of a watch clearly shows that it was made by a designer. Animals are also complex and functional, therefore, Hume does not change the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paley lays his argument as such: a watch is like the universe in complexity and functionality, a watch needs a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paley’s argument centers around the simile between a watch and the universe . He points out that the watch is complicated with many parts, yet all work together to form a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are put together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be designed by other watches, some superior being must have created at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch works and how to create it to function properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watch and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hume attempts to counter Paley’s argument by saying that the universe is more like an animal than a work of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paley’s argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well. Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy :: essays research papers Hume’s counter-analogy does not succeed in undermining Paley’s argument from design. Paley clearly explains to his reader that humans are so complicated that we must have been made by a designer. Hume argues that since the universe is not a human art, and is more like an animal, it does not need a designer. Paley argues that the complexity and functionality of a watch clearly shows that it was made by a designer. Animals are also complex and functional, therefore, Hume does not change the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paley lays his argument as such: a watch is like the universe in complexity and functionality, a watch needs a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paley’s argument centers around the simile between a watch and the universe . He points out that the watch is complicated with many parts, yet all work together to form a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are put together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be designed by other watches, some superior being must have created at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch works and how to create it to function properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watch and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hume attempts to counter Paley’s argument by saying that the universe is more like an animal than a work of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paley’s argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well.

Social Network and Dangerous New Form

Instagram can be a dangerous new form of social networking. Smart phone users now have an option to download an app called Instagram. Although it is the new, trendy thing to do, it can be an issue. The basics of Instagram are to post only pictures. Users can put a small bio about themselves, but it is nothing like the other social networks where users will post all sorts of pointless information. When a picture is posted, users can put a caption for it and the caption is often followed by things called ‘hashtags’.Examples of these include #pretty, #somuchfun #beach, or whatever it is pertaining to the photo. In the search section, users can search for words or phrases that have been hashtagged. There are choices to â€Å"follow† other Instagram users, but the main issue is that of the user doesn’t want to be followed by somebody, they have no choice. On other social networks, there is an option to accept or decline followers, but on Instagram there is not. Instagram is generally used by people between the ages of 14 and 25, which makes it a lot worse that there is no way to keep away potentially dangerous users.When somebody searches for a hashtag, every use of that hashtag by every Instagram user pops up. There is no need to be following a person to look and â€Å"like† their pictures. Although there is an option to set your Instagram profile as private, only a minority of people actually do it. I have and use my Instagram every day. I love it. I think it is great to be able to only post pictures and to only be able to see pictures that others have posted.My main stream of pictures doesn’t get all crowded up with people posting pointless statuses about their life and annoying political references. I do have negative thoughts about it though. I hate it when strangers like or comment on pictures that I post. I am being followed by people I have never met and no nothing about and I cannot do anything about it. I am sure to only post pictures that don’t show where my location is or put any captions about there I live. I would hate to see some horrendous things happen to users of Instagram because of ignorant mistakes like that.

Free Essays on Private Threating Enviroments

Private Threatening Environments 1 Running head : THE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENING EVIRONMENTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROCESSING Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private? The Implications of Threating Environments on Intellectual Processing Alcorn State University Private Threatening Environments 2 Ben-Zeev, T & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private The Implications of Threatening Eviornments on Intellectual Processing. Journal of Educational Psychology Summary of Article Education statiatics show that a very small amount of women are in the field of math and science. Although women represent over half of the student body, they are a small percentage that graduate in math and science. (National Science Foundation,200). The authors look at the question, how under representation of females reflect gender makeup, tokenism, and stereotypes in classrooms. It can also explain how females perform under the pressure of negative stereotypes in math and science. The authors make an argument that the females in a group adds the awareness of ones gender which increases negative stereotypes associated with that. The authors indentify that the females who cared the most about doing seemed to be affected the most by the pressures of stereotypes. In this study the authors examine how the students performed or unperformed in a private or public setting. The authors concentrated on females who were identified as being good in math. They attempted to evaluate the female students and how they affected by situations and stereotypes. The authors did a good job of getting data by controlled evaluation and other accurate research information already available. The research leans to the assumption that work in public adds pressure to the threat of stereoty... Free Essays on Private Threating Enviroments Free Essays on Private Threating Enviroments Private Threatening Environments 1 Running head : THE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENING EVIRONMENTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROCESSING Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private? The Implications of Threating Environments on Intellectual Processing Alcorn State University Private Threatening Environments 2 Ben-Zeev, T & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Do High-Achieving Female Students Underperforming in Private The Implications of Threatening Eviornments on Intellectual Processing. Journal of Educational Psychology Summary of Article Education statiatics show that a very small amount of women are in the field of math and science. Although women represent over half of the student body, they are a small percentage that graduate in math and science. (National Science Foundation,200). The authors look at the question, how under representation of females reflect gender makeup, tokenism, and stereotypes in classrooms. It can also explain how females perform under the pressure of negative stereotypes in math and science. The authors make an argument that the females in a group adds the awareness of ones gender which increases negative stereotypes associated with that. The authors indentify that the females who cared the most about doing seemed to be affected the most by the pressures of stereotypes. In this study the authors examine how the students performed or unperformed in a private or public setting. The authors concentrated on females who were identified as being good in math. They attempted to evaluate the female students and how they affected by situations and stereotypes. The authors did a good job of getting data by controlled evaluation and other accurate research information already available. The research leans to the assumption that work in public adds pressure to the threat of stereoty...

Dolci and Stomer essays

Dolci and Stomer essays Over the centuries, picturing religious events in the form of artwork was still very popular and important. However, the way or style in which the events were pictured changed. The cultural production of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is often described as the baroque period. Among the most noted Italian Baroque painters were Caravaggio and Carracci, whose different styles were both in line with the period. Through copies of their paintings and styles being taught in art schools, their influence on later artists inside and outside of Italy has been enormous. Carlo Dolci and Mathias Stomer are each painters that were influenced by the style of Caravaggio and Carracci. Stomers painting, The Judgment of Solomon (1640), shows an influence of Caravaggio, where Dolcis painting, Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist (1636) shows an influence of the style of Carracci. Stomers style of painting is closely related to that of Caravaggio (1573-1610). Caravaggio, an Italian baroque painter, naturalized both religion and the classics in his art where he reduced them to human dramas played out in the cruel and grimy settings of his time and place. He often used perspective and chiaroscuro to bring viewers as close to the action of the painting as possible to give viewers a feel as if they were actually participating. Caravaggio also used dark setting that enveloped their occupants called tenebrism or shadow manner. Upon first glance of the painting, The Judgment of Solomon, the viewers eyes are taken to a single point of illumination near a picture of a beautiful new born hanging upside down by a man ready to slaughter it. There is great attention given to shading and the illumination of light. Stomer shows great talent in painting muscular figures by the look of the man holding the sword and of the two infants. The clothes on each person are pictured as free ...

1.Compare and contrast US naval innovation with that of Great Britain Essay

1.Compare and contrast US naval innovation with that of Great Britain. What is the dichotomy and why Use evidence from (REQUIRED READINGs) to substantiate your argument - Essay Example The United States did not heed the treaties that Great Britain recommended. They saw the need to build submarines and the advantage of using them in battle. Their naval officers highlighted the benefits of submarines during naval warfare. In conclusion, Great Britain adopted a defense-based approach whereas United States was concerned with offensive-based equipment to counter the threats posed by nations like Japan. This was evidenced by the different retaliation strategies to the German submarine threat, the Versailles treaty and different strategies for budgeting for war. US came into World War I immediately after Germany resorted into using submarines in naval warfare. By using submarines, the Germans nearly forced Great Britain out of the first war. For this reason, countries had to invest into the innovation of new weapons to counter the threat of their adversaries. The United States, after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, began to see the need of engaging in naval warfare. The attack forced the issuance of orders, by the US Navy, to discriminate against Japanese air and naval warfare. Following the raids on their vessels, the British Navy marshaled the US Navy to abolish the use of submarines in naval warfare. However, the United States did not approve the abolition of the submarine1. The US created a submarine section in its naval force as they planned to protect themselves from an ambitious Japan. Capt. Thomas C. Hart argued that â€Å"the submarine will be an extremely valuable weapon†¦..† The submarines at the disposal of the US Navy, during the First World War, were not seaworthy and not as useful. Great Britain, unlike it counterpart the US, saw the need for a capital ship and valued the decisive nature of a fleet. This approach, according to Correlli Barnett, was misguided and resulted into the disastrous Washington treaty2. The Washington treaty showed the ‘penny-pinching’ side of the British

Itlalian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Itlalian Literature - Essay Example ThÐ µ LÐ µopÐ °rd wÐ °s pÐ °rt of Ð ° post-wÐ °r trÐ µnd Ð °mong ItÐ °liÐ °n intÐ µllÐ µctuÐ °ls to scrutinizÐ µ, if not chÐ °llÐ µngÐ µ, thÐ µ vÐ µry principlÐ µ of ItÐ °liÐ °n politicÐ °l unificÐ °tion, sÐ µtting thÐ µ stÐ °gÐ µ for ItÐ °lys nÐ µw fÐ µdÐ µrÐ °lism, Ð ° vÐ µry concrÐ µtÐ µ rÐ µÃ °lity todÐ °y. It wÐ °s this pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ, morÐ µ thÐ °n thÐ µ story itsÐ µlf, which dÐ µfinÐ µd ThÐ µ LÐ µopÐ °rd Ð °s Ð ° clÐ °ssic work of ItÐ °liÐ °n (Ð °nd intÐ µrnÐ °tionÐ °l) litÐ µrÐ °turÐ µ, for othÐ µr books hÐ °d bÐ µÃ µn writtÐ µn Ð °bout thÐ µ SiciliÐ °n grÐ °ciousnÐ µss. Still, to portrÐ °y thÐ µ story of thÐ µ dÐ µclining SÐ °linÐ °s in thÐ µ 1860s Ð °s Ð ° mÐ µrÐ µ fÐ °blÐ µ for thÐ µ dÐ µclinÐ µ of thÐ µ ItÐ °liÐ °n monÐ °rchy Ð °nd socio-politicÐ °l Ð µstÐ °blishmÐ µnt in thÐ µ 1940s is to ovÐ µrlook thÐ µ novÐ µllÐ °s prÐ µvÐ °lÐ µnt Ð °ppÐ µÃ °l. It dÐ µÃ °ls with thÐ µ Church, swÐ µÃ µping sociÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µ Ð °nd, of coursÐ µ, lovÐ µ. ThÐ µ LÐ µopÐ °rd is thÐ µ story Ð °bout Don FÐ °brizio, PrincÐ µ of SÐ °linÐ °, Ð ° guy who turnÐ µd forty Ð °nd hÐ °vÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l childrÐ µn. HÐ µ is Ð ° sort of compÐ °ssionÐ °tÐ µ tyrÐ °nt in his housÐ µhold, Ð ° mÐ °n of Ð ° vÐ µry old fÐ °mily, Ð °ccustomÐ µd to knowing his plÐ °cÐ µ Ð °nd to hÐ °ving people over that he actually knows. ThÐ µ PrincÐ µ is Ð °lso Ð ° mÐ °n of grÐ µÃ °t corporÐ µÃ °l Ð °ppÐ µtitÐ µs, lÐ °ckÐ °dÐ °isicÐ °l with his monÐ µy (though not wÐ °stÐ µful or lÐ °vish), politicÐ °lly wÐ µll-informÐ µd but complÐ µtÐ µly Ð °politicÐ °l in Ð °ction, Ð °nd Ð °lso Ð °n Ð °mÐ °tÐ µur Ð °stronomÐ µr of somÐ µ notÐ µ. WhÐ µn thÐ µ story opÐ µns, thÐ µ RisorgimÐ µnto is ongoing, but it is clÐ µÃ °r thÐ °t it will bÐ µ ultimÐ °tÐ µly succÐ µssful, Ð °nd thÐ °t thÐ µ Kingdom of thà  µ Two SiciliÐ µs will bÐ µ Ð °bsorbÐ µd into thÐ µ nÐ µwly unitÐ µd, somÐ µwhÐ °t morÐ µ dÐ µmocrÐ °tic, ItÐ °ly. Don FÐ °brizio nominÐ °lly supports thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ, but hÐ µ rÐ µÃ °listicÐ °lly stÐ °ys out of thÐ µ conflict. His fÐ °voritÐ µ nÐ µphÐ µw, TÐ °ncrÐ µdi, thÐ µ impovÐ µrishÐ µd but chÐ °rismÐ °tic son of his sistÐ µr, is Ð °n fÐ µrvÐ µnt supportÐ µr of GÐ °ribÐ °ldi, who Ð °t thÐ °t timÐ µ wÐ °s Ð ° lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr of thÐ µ rÐ µvolution. SÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l long

Forming stage of a team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forming stage of a team - Essay Example The process of forming a team and identifying a set of value and norms takes time, this process takes five stages that were highlighted by Tuckman the 1960’s and revised in 1977. Forming is the first stage of the Tuckmans team development model, and at this stage, the individual team member comes together with a sense of anticipation and commitment towards working as part of a team. In our table, this has been experienced where members have accepted to come together in order to become members of our team during the meetings. In our team meetings, individual members feel that they should be committed, and anticipations are high towards working together to achieve the team’s objectives. In the forming stage, motivation of members is high because members appreciate the fact of being selected to become part of the team. In our class meetings, members are motivated towards working together in the team. Every individual is seen to be in positive attitude so that cohesiveness is maintained in the team. Members are usually high in spirit during discussions and this helps to boost motivation in the team. Secondly, this stage is characterized by anxiety of members because they might not have met each other anywhere else before. Hence, individuals are anxious to meet new people who are different in personalities. In addition, members are anxious because they do not know what kind of work they are going to do in the team. This is because they are not sure or their purpose in the team, and they do not know what is expected of them. In our table, members had not worked anywhere else before as a team and hence, there was anxiety, which was felt when we came together as a team t he first time. The forming stage is also characterized by expression of personal relations and dependence of members on each other. This means that individuals highly rely on the

Action Research in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Action Research in the Classroom Essay The classroom is a very interesting place to start. As a teacher, there are a lot of privileges for me since the students look up to me as an authority figure. Admittedly, there are times that dealing with students can become very stressful, especially in moments that students are very difficult to direct and control. When kids become naughty and the teacher does not have the sensitivity and the patience to deal with them, it might simply become a nightmare. Even if the teacher has a natural penchant for loving and teaching kids, it can still be a bit of challenge to teach them. Â  The teacher has a very important role in the intellectual and social development of the kids in the school. If they do not appreciate education, it is the duty of the teacher to inculcate in them the importance of education for themselves and for their future. This cannot be done, however, by shoving these ideas down their throats. Rather, what is needed is a careful observation of their ways, the things they enjoy as well as the different modes of learning that they have, the activities they enjoy inside and outside the school. By undertaking an action research and carefully observing the students, the teacher will be able to understand the students more and use this understanding in making the classroom more effective in terms of educating the students and preparing them for the future ahead of them. Some of the areas of observation would be the study habits of the students, their social standing in the community and how this impacts their studies, the social activities they enjoy inside and outside the school, the role of their parents, their learning styles, and the different media that they are exposed to. The observations presented in this action research may be a bit crude, yet they may be expanded upon as time passes by and a better understanding of the students will be arrived at. Study Habits Action research demands keen observation skills regarding the different areas identified by the researcher (Avison, Lau, Myers Nielsen, 1999). In observing the study habits of the students, what I have looked for is the way that they regard the library, the media that they enjoy well and the different kinds of media that they are exposed to. In going through these observations, I looked at the rate of submission of homework by the students; I also went to the library and conducted random observations if my students were there. In terms of preparation of homework, a number of students were not very keen in completing their homework. A handful of them heeded my requests for them to study and complete some homework. Both honor students and some silent kids showed aptitude in completing homework. Those who did not complete homework tended to be those who are very playful and did not show great concern for their studies. My trips to the library were not very fruitful. The number of students who frequently visit the library does not even exceed the number of my fingers in one hand. Only when I gave an assignment that expressly required them to go to the library did they go there and looked for the information I requested them to look up. Perhaps this may be explained by the proliferation and the widespread use of the Internet among my students. Most information can be found in the Internet, so they may choose not to go to the physical library anymore and simply type some words and click on some links. The challenge is therefore to make students realize the value of the library. Economic and Social Standing My students are predominantly white although there are Asians, Hispanics and Blacks interspersed. Most of them were either in lower middle class and those who are found in the middle of the middle class segment of the society. As such, most of the kids did not enjoy great amenities and economic riches. Those who belong to the upper middle class tend to have parents who exert greater influence on other teachers and on the school in general. Because of their social standings, more than half of my students had to keep part-time jobs to pay for their bills and meet some of their needs. This also poses another challenge for the teacher. Even if they did not absent themselves from school frequently, because of their work, there were times that their study habits were affected. Instead of spending their time in reading their lessons, they have to work and earn money. This may also explain why a lot of them were not able to do their homework. Once when I was in the mall, I encountered a student of mine working there and had a conversation with her. After that, I decided to also look at the work of my students and look at the nature of their work and how the nature of their jobs affects their studies. Truly, economic situations affect the well-being of the students. But since they have no choice, then the teacher would have to do his best to take into account these realities in the way that they are being taught. Activities Outside the School Students who belong to higher economic status tend to enjoy more time outside the school. They hang out at some cafes or snack bars where they can chat about school. I also asked several of them regarding the activities that they do and these kids also tend to sleepover at each other’s homes. Students who belong to lower income families, however, tend to limit their outside school activities so that they can earn some money for personal and for family use. They still hang out with some of their friends; however, this is less frequent than the students from higher income families. Another activity that occupies the leisure time of students is their use of game consoles such as Playstation and Xbox. Through these bonding moments, they develop their relationships with their friends. This is also their way of relaxation. Connecting to the Internet and connecting socially to friends. Video games is also a past time that some students told me they do during their leisure time. The Role of Parents I was not able to observe directly the role of the parents in the education of the students. From my conversations with students, however, those who belong to middle class and higher income families usually have their parents reminding them to study well and do their best. This in turn encourages the students to study better. In some cases, parents promise rewards for their children if they perform up to a certain level. Those from lower income families, however, do not have very encouraging parents. Rather, they are expected to help out in paying some of the bills in the house. This arrangement, however, does not seem to dampen the desire of some students to study well. There are those, however, who tend to get discouraged with this and focus more on their jobs than on their studies. Implications for the Teacher The teacher has a very important role in the development of the students; especially so, because he gets to stay with the kids longer than their parents. Observing students and trying to know them more deeply will help the teacher in dealing with the students. With the sheer number of students, however, it is difficult to observe each and every student. Nonetheless, the teacher is called upon to establish meaningful relationship with students because then, the process of teaching becomes more enjoyable. The teacher has to vary his teaching style depending on the students and their backgrounds. Their study habits has to be understood well so that the teacher will know how to approach them and present the lessons in such a way that the students will understand. Not only that, when their learning style corresponds with the teaching style of the teacher, then they will not only learn but they will also come to love the way that the teacher teaches. Conclusion Action research enables the teacher to become a part of the world of the students instead of simply a detached outside force in the classroom. When this is undertaken, it opens up important insights, which can help the teacher improve his teaching strategies and style. The teacher’s role in the life of the students is very important. As such, it should not be taken lightly. By becoming immersed in the life and the studies of the students, the teacher becomes a friend and a mentor to his students. Reference Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers, M. Nielsen, P. A. (1999). Action Research. Communication of the

America Needs Affirmitive Action :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦granting modest advantages to minorities and women is more than fair, given hundreds of years of discrimination that benefited whites and men.† (Fromkin) Affirmative Action is not only justifiable, but it is necessary in today’s world. Affirmative Action can be seen throughout United States History as a leading fighter for equal opportunity. Affirmative Action can assist in creating a more equal opportunity for people regarding higher education, employment and the work force, and creating a more diverse equal community in all aspects. Affirmative Action, in contrast to many people’s beliefs, does not promote â€Å"reverse discrimination† or create quotas for groups to adhere to. On the contrary, it gives minorities and women the opportunity to have jobs and positions they are already qualified for. Affirmative Action â€Å"calls for minorities and women to have special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions†(Fromkin). Although the name â€Å"affirmative action† has only been applied in recent times, there is a history of affirmative action actions taken in the United States. This history is an example for the endless fight for equality among women and all minorities. These actions can be seen in amendments to the constitution, especially the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments. They abolished slavery, granted citizenship to the former slaves, that the right for United States citizens to vote can not be denied or reduced on the account of race or color, and lastly the 19th amendment gave women the right to vote. Furthermore, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, title VI, states that the use of literacy or other voter-qualifications cannot be used to keep any minority off the voting lists, reassuring an equal voice in the democracy of the US. I n addition, former President Johnson and Kennedy used executive orders 11246 and 10925 to show government support of affirmative action through the â€Å"equal employment opportunity† and the establishment of the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity respectively. The downfall in affirmative action history is the passing of Proposition 209 and the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) which ended affirmative action in California. Affirmative Action has played a large role in history, as a fighter for equal opportunity, despite race or gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative Action provides women and minorities equal opportunity in higher education Affirmative Action in higher education allows minorities and women not given the opportunity of a prestige education to go further in life and attend side by side with students given better opportunities.

Employees Provident Funds Act, 1952 Essay

Any establishment registered under Cooperative Societies Act or State law relating to cooperative societies, employing less than 50 persons and working without paid of power To any establishment belonging to or under Control of Central Government or a State Government and whose employees are entitled to benefit of contributory provident fund or old age pension. To any establishment set up under any Central or State Act and whose employees are entitled to benefit of contributory provident fund or old age pension. Administration of the fund [section 5(1A)]. Both employer and employee have to pay contribution at prescribed rates. These amounts are credited to a fund. The fund vests in and is administered by Central Board. Employees Covered Under the scheme As per section 2(f), â€Å"employee† means any person who is employed for wages in any kind of work, manual or otherwise, in or in connection with the work of an establishment, and who gets his wages directly or indirectly from the employer. Thus, Persons employed through contractor in connection with work of establishment are covered Apprentices employed under Apprentices Act or under standing orders of establishment are disqualified, i. . they are not employees. [The model standing orders merely state that an ‘apprentice’ is a learner who is paid an allowance during the period of his training]. Non-eligible Employees Under PF Employee whose ‘pay’ is more than Rs. 6,500 per month are not eligible. Apprentices as per certified standing orders or under Apprentices Act Casual employees. However, employees employed through cont ractors have also to be covered under PF. Employee to Become member of Fund Immediately on Joining Every employee employed in or in connection with work of a factory or establishment to which the Act applies is entitled and required to become member of Provident Fund, unless he is an disqualified employee. Contribution by Employer & Employee As per section 2(c) â€Å"contribution† means a contribution payable in respect of a member under a Scheme or the contribution payable in respect of an employee to whom the Insurance Scheme applies. As per section 6, contribution shall be paid by employer @ 12% of basic wages plus DA – dearness allowance plus retaining allowance. This amount is defined as ‘pay’. Employees Provident Fund Scheme This is the main scheme under the Act. Both employer and employee have to pay contribution to Provident Fund. The employer has to deduct contribution of employee from the salary of employee and has to pay both employees’ contribution as well as employer’s contribution by a challan in prescribed form. The amount has to be paid in approved bank. EMPLOYEE CAN PAY HIGHER CONTRIBUTION – Employee has to contribute 12% of his ‘pay’ as contribution. The employee can voluntarily pay higher contribution above the statutory rate. However, employer does not have to match the voluntary contribution, over and above the statutory rate. Contribution Payable under PF scheme The Principal Employer is liable to pay contribution of his own employees as well as employees employed through contractor. Principal Employer can recover from contractor the amount paid by him on behalf of contractor. The contribution is 12% of ‘pay’ i. e. basic wages, plus dearness allowance, cash value of food concession and retaining allowance. Contribution of both employer and employee is same i. e. 12% each. Employer has to pay his contribution to EPF. He cannot deduct his contribution from wages of the employee. However, he has to deduct employee’s share from his salary and pay the same in EPF scheme. This deduction can be only from the wages pertaining to period for which contribution is paid. However, if there is accidental omission, the amount can be recovered later. Amount deducted from salary of employees is held in trust by the employer or contractor. The balance will be retained in the EPF scheme. Thus, on retirement, the employee will get his full share plus the balance of Employer’s share retained to his credit in EPF account. Lower Contribution in certain cases The employer’s and employee’s contribution is 12% each. This is applicable to many of industries and establishments. However, this contribution is not applicable to – â€Å"any establishment employing less than 20 persons† any establishment registered with Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) as a sick company – the lower rate of contribution continues till its net worth is positive * any other establishment which has accumulated loss equal to or more than its assets and has also suffered cash loss in last two years. Jute industry , Beedi industry ,Brick industry other than the spinning sector. In these cases, the contribution is 10%. Transfer of accounts (1) Where an employee employed in an establishment to which this Act applies leaves his employment and obtains re-employment in another establishment to which this Act does not apply the amount of accumulations to the credit of such employee in the Fund or as the case may be in the provident fund of the establishment left by him shall be transferred within such time as may be specified by the Central Government. Investment The amount received by way of provident fund contribution is invested by the board of trustees in accordance with the investment pattern approved by the government of India. The members of the provident fund get interest on the money in their provident fund accounts. The rate of interest for each financial year is recommended by the board of trustees and is subject to final decision by the government of India. 2) Where an employee employed in an establishment to which this Act does not apply leaves his establishment and obtains re-employment in another establishment to which this Act applies the amount of accumulations to the credit of such employee in the provident fund of the establishment left by him may if the employee so desires and the rules in relation to such provident fund permit be transferred to the credit of his account in the Fund The Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995 Applicability EPS, 1995 applies with effect from 16. 11. 995 to all establishments to wh ich EPF,1952 and 1971 were applicable. Eligibility Employer’s and employees’ contribution Protection of provident fund Pensionable salary Pensionable service Formula for calculation of pension Monthly members’ pension = Pensionable salary * pensionable service 70 Employees’ family pension scheme For the purpose of providing family pension and life insurance benefits to the employees of any establishment or class of establishment to which the act applies. the scheme is applicable to all subscribers of employers’ provident fund. Contribution The employees contribution of 8. 33% will be diverted to the fund of pension scheme. Employers contribution is 12%. In such cases, 8. 33% is diverted to pension scheme and balance 1. 67/3. 67% as the case may be, will be in credit of employee’s name in provident fund account. family pension fund from and out of provident fund contributions payable by the employer and employee in each month, a part of the contribution representing one and one and 1/6 the percent from and out of employees contribution is remitted by the employer to the family pension fund. Benefits under the scheme: Members will get pension on superannuation or retirement from service and upon disablement during employment. Family pension will be available to widow/widower for life or till he/she remarries. In addition, children will be entitled to pension, up to 25 years of their age. Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme The Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette frame a Scheme to be called the Employees’ Deposit-linked Insurance Scheme for the purpose of providing life insurance benefits to the employees of any establishment or class of establishments to which this Act applies. Deposit-linked Insurance Fund into which shall be paid by the employer from time to time in respect of every such employee in relation to whom he is the employer such amount not being more than one per cent of the aggregate of the basic wages dearness allowance and retaining allowance (if any) for the time being payable in relation to such employee. The employer has to pay contribution equal to 0. 50% of the total wages of employee, in addition to administrative charges of 0. 1% of total wages. The employee need not contribute any amount too the scheme. The salary limit for coverage of employees in same as that of provident fund.

Romeo and Juliet, and War Poetry Comparison Paper

How well does Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation if the script show the theme of conflict? I think Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet strongly shows the theme of conflict throughout the entire film, in which it is retold for the modern viewers.Baz Lurhmann shows at the start of the film two sky high building with ‘Montague’ and ‘Capulet’ in bold lettering at the top, this shows how the two families have a lot of rivalry, such as in the business world of today’s society which a lot of people can relate to also the fact they are both nearly at a war about something nobody knows anything about ‘Ancient grudge‘, I think this is the base point of the build up of conflict in the film. Lurhmann also used quite modern weapons such as guns and drugs which I think is easier for people to understand, as it is up to date which world today.In nearly every shot in the film there is a gun which shows the amount of tension and rivalry betw een everyone and how this leads into the conflicts. Also Lurhmann choose to represent the different houses in the form of gangs which a lot of people now days can understand in a sense which there is always a lot of conflict to protect yourself and your family name. I think Lurhmann has achieved exactly this in Act 1 Scene 1. The conflict shown in this scene is incredible in a way in which it is brought up how something very small can lead into something big and cause a lot of damage and disruption.

THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS]-BASED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON STOCK MARKET Essay Example

THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS] THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS]-BASED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON STOCK MARKET Essay THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS]-BASED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON STOCK MARKET Essay THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS]-BASED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON STOCK MARKET By ssoekarno THE EFFECT OF CONVERGENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD [IFRS]-BASED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON STOCK MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA PUBLIC LISTED COMPANIES EVI OKTAVIANI SORAYA A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration International Business School UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2014 I declare that this thesis entitled The Effect of Convergence with International Financial Reporting Standard [IFRS]-Based Accounting Standards On Stock Market: Evidence From Malaysia Public Listed Companies is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature: Name Date :JANUARY 2014 Dedicated to ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BSTRAK laDle 0T content CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background 0T study 1. 1 Background of International Financial Reporting Standard [IFRS] Financial statements are important for investor in assisting them in making decision on where to invest globally. This is why high-quality accounting standards enables investors to receive appropriate information which in turn will give investor confidence in making decision . There is a drive to globalize accounting standards and practices that will be accepted by the regulators, certification bodies, the accounting profession and the business and academic communities around the world in order to minimize the potential dangers of bias, misinterpretation, inexactness, and ambiguity. Over the years the business community has recognized accounting as the language of business and financial information as a form of language. Since accounting has been accepted as a language, it is advisable that companies around the world to speak in the same language. Recent political and economic events have focused on the pressing need for more uniformity in international accounting standards . There is a requirement for a universal set of accounting standards which can unite the language of accounting around the world and solve the problem of differences in accounting practice. It is no surprise that the globalisation of capital markets has been accompanied by calls for globalisation of financial reporting. Indeed, the globalisation of the worlds capital markets has created the need for comparable and reliable financial information to support the varied transactions and operations of the markets Hora et al.. The accounting profession has faced the pressure of globalisation and continues to look for ways to produce financial situation using a unique accounting procedures that can be understood by all business society in the last few decades . Not only that, to ensure usability, financial information also supposed to be understandable and comparable to make credit decisions and investment more easily retrieved. Though the process of internationalisation might be difficult, Anderson said that a set of international accounting standards will allow new horizons of financial statement evolution by the fact that the comparative analysis of the rate of return and profit/loss set written in balance sheet has made the competition between companies become more pertinent. In order to solve this problem, a novel global accounting standard International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) has been introduced. Currently IFRS has been increasingly adopted by accounting policy makers all over the world. It is estimated ver one hundred countries are using International Financial Reporting Standards. For example, Australia and all members states of the European Union which have adopted IFRS since 2005, whereas Canada, India and Korea has moved into IFRS convergence in 2011 . I ne aaoptlon 0T Internatlonal Accounting stanaaras/lnternatlonal Hnanclal Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) by a significant number of developing countries in the past years is considered as one of the biggest events witnessed in the international accounting field. For most of these countries, the application of IAS / IFRS accounting is the transition to a new paradigm. This paradigm, mainly based on the communication of good quality and useful financial information for decision-making , consider the investor involved in the stock market as a specific user of financial statements . The objective of this financial report primarily to offer investors the necessary information for them in order to properly evaluate the economic situation of the company which in turn allowed them to put their money in profitable investment opportunities. Countries which have already adopted the IFRS accounting standard foresee various benefits, for example Australian government hopes that the setting of IFRS ccounting standards in Australia can lead to production of higher quality accounting standards which in turn will facilitate Australian business in terms of lower costs of capital and enables Australian companies to compete on an equal footing overseas, while also maintaining investor confidence. In the meantime the Chairman of the Korea Accounting Standards Board and President of the Korea Accounting Institute stated that his organisation is optimistic about the benefits of IFRS adoption in that it will not only make Korean companies more competitive through their enhanced ransparency but also will allow the South Korean accounting industry to expand worldwide. From those two statements, we can conclude that one common benefit sought by adopting IFRS is to eliminate barriers to cross-border investing . Moreover, Ball argued that IFRS promises more accurate, comprehensive and timely financial statement information compared to the national standards which it replaces for the public financial reporting in most of the countries which adopted it, including Continental Europe. Better quality financial statement information can even lead to etter assessment by investors in making capital market decisions and thus reduce the risk to these investors. Another attribute of IFRS is that it requires more extensive disclosure. For example, asset impairment FRSI 36 requires disclosure of goodwill and other intangibles, particularly in relation to the allocation of goodwill to cash generating units, the main assumptions used to measure recoverable amount and impairment testing. Increased level of disclosure in the financial statements may affect the quality of reported earnings. According to disclosure system which set at high quality standard ives investor confidence in the credibility of financial reporting. If more disclosure is required, any attempt to manage earnings can be more easily detected and addressed by the internal oversight bodies (board of directors and auditors) in a company. The use of international accounting standards in promoting various players in the capltal market can De a good cnolce Tor developing countrles tnat seek to promote decent functioning of their capital markets. To satisfactorily fulfill their role in the evaluation and financing of companies and in the development of various sectors of conomic activity, listed companies have to communicate good financial information . Since worldwide adoption of IFRS would create a common language for accounting, new capital markets would open to companies who have been reporting only in accordance with their national standards. Communication of financial information helps to limit the problems associated with information asymmetry and establishes a climate of confidence in the capital market mechanism. This in turn acts to encourage different actors to make more transactions. IFRS would allow the financial statements to be in a simple, nderstandable, and standardized format for investors and other businesses who are interested in the firm. A research which conducted by Centre for Audit Quality on July in the United States shows that sixty-two per cent of investors agree that the creation of a single, uniform, international set of accounting standards would give them a higher level of confidence . In general, convergence to IFRS provides many benefits such as enhancing comparability as a company financial report can easily compared to another, increasing global investment flow through transparency, decreasing cost of capital hrough global investment opportunity, rising financial reporting efficiency and enhancing financial reporting quality by lowering the chance to do earning management practice. However, despite the optimistic expectations put on IFRS convergence, the reality seems more unclear. Previous research which have studied the relationship between IFRS adoption and market behavior has seen a variety of results, for instant Horton and Serafeim which investigate market reaction to IFRS and valuation of IFRS reconciliation adjustment, their study resulting a negative abnormal return for firms eporting negative earnings reconciliation, mandatory IFRS adoption alters investors beliefs about stock prices, proving that the new IFRS numbers give new information to the market. Meanwhile Armstrong et al. finds that equity investors perceived the expected benefits of more comparable financial reports and the prospects of increased capital flows outweighed the expected costs of implementation and any economic distortions arising from reduced local accounting diversity. Furthermore study result shows that annual report publication does not produce unexpected nformation either before, on, or after the adoption of IFRS, however she found an interesting fact that IFRS adopters are valued higher before the adoption, but not afterwards. . 2 International Financial Reporting Standard in Malaysia Malaysia cannot let itself to be left behind in this worldwide movement towards aaoptlon 0T tne S Malaysian companles nave to De In step wit n tnese developments in financial reporting practices adopted around the world in order to make their financial statements accepted globally. Malaysian Accounting Standards Board chairman foresee to that by becoming fully IFRS compliant, Malaysias capital nd financial market will be further enhanced. In a statement, Azmi explained another benefit of adopting IFRS in Malaysia which are not only it is accepted globally as it already used in more than 100 countries, but using a common language also will turn reporting costs decrement since there is no need to reconcile accounts, can increase credibility of local market to foreign investors, have comparability across boundaries and cross border listing. Full convergence to international accounting standards will put Malaysia in good stead for increased globalization of capital markets, providing comparable financial tatements to promote investor confidence. The milestone of IFRS convergence in Malaysia began in the period between 1978 and 1997 where Malaysia started to adopt International Accounting Standards (AS). However, those standards which were set by the Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountant (MACPA) together with the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) were not enforceable on companies at that time. Following the passage of the Financial Reporting Act 1997 by Malaysias parliament on March 1997 prior to Asian financial crisis, the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) was established with a given mandated to developed financial reporting standards, develop Islamic accounting standard and conduct an extensive consultative process. Before 2005 all accounting standards issued by MASB had the prefix MASS. Subsequently in 2005, concurrent with global standard setting development, the MASB renamed all issued standards as Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) that was meant to be in line with standards issued by IASB except for some minor modifications. In 2006, Malaysia introduced 2-tier financial reporting framework, started on 2007 Malaysian FRS standards (known as FRS framework) have been dentical to IFRS AS. The difference lies in the standards that Malaysia has not adopted. The FRS framework is made mandatory for non-private entities while the private entities can continue using the old MASB standards known as PERS (private entity reporting standards) framework. Further, a new numbering system to its FRS and the interpretations was introduced by the MASB in 2007. MASB together with Financial Reporting Foundation (FRF), make up the new framework for financial reporting in Malaysia. On 1 August 2008, they announced their plan to move to full IFRS convergence by 1 January 2012. To facilitate a phased changeover to IFRS convergence, Malaysia has adopted FRS 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement with the effective date of 1 January 2010. By 2012, all approved accounting standards applicable to entities other than private entities will converge fully with all IFRS issued by the International Accounting stanaara In November 2011 , the MASB issued a new MASB approved accounting framework, namely the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS Framework). As defined by MASB, the companies that are required to apply MFRS framework are Entities Other Than Private Entities shall apply the MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012, with the exception of entities (known as transitioning entities) which are given options to continue with the old FRS framework that has not adopted IAS 41 Agriculture and/or IC Interpretation 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate. Next, MASB plans that the full adoption of the MFRS Framework will be mandatory to all companies for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012. Because of this, approximately one thousand Malaysian public listed companies will be affected y the IFRS convergence in 2012, however the companies or the group of companies that are involved in agriculture or real estate industry still have time to defer its convergence. In addition, the International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) future work plans on some other core standards will also affect Malaysian entities significantly after 2012. There are a few IASB exposure drafts and discussion papers that are now going through due process and soon to be adopted including leases, revenue recognition, financial instruments, fair value measurement, insurance contracts, and consolidated inancial statements. As a consequence of this convergence, when IASB issues a new or amended IFRS, Malaysia will adopt those standards in their entirety. 1. 3 Problem Statement Principles-based standard accounting may reduce the likelihood of scandals, as shown on study by Nisbettt and Sheikh . One example of a world phenomenon that has occurred related to financial statements matter is Enron scandal. Enron which was founded in 1985 is one of the worlds leading electricity, natural gas, communications and pulp and paper companies before it bankrupted in late 2001, its nnual revenues rose from about $9 billion in 1995 to over $100 billion in 2000. At the end of 2001 it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud. This scandal shows weakness of GAAP system as compared to principles- based standard such as FRS. The benefit of IFRS upon businesses that have adopted it is still debated. Previous studies have shown that the financial reporting process is influenced Jointly by the accounting standards and economic incentives of market participants . That said it follows that if companies can be shown the positive effect of adopting IFRS, they will be more willing to do so. I nls would Imply tnat companles mlgnt accept tne convergence witn IHRS positively IT, for example, they expect IFRS to impact favorably on company performance, and reduce information asymmetry and the cost of capital Hope et al.. In contrast, companies might expect the costs to surpass the benefits of IFRS adoption, or that IFRS implementation is followed by managerial opportunism to reduce the regulatory compliance costs or variation in the application of IFRS . Studies on the impact of adopting IFRS on market behaviour is still relatively new and unexplored, particularly in Malaysia. Most researches have only investigates its effect into financial statement and ratio such as Stent et al. or into accounting quality . Many have focused solely on the technical accounting impacts related to IFRS. Understanding the broader impacts that IFRS may have is also important. Knowing such effects of IAS/IFRS convergence on stock market behavior is of major importance for several different parties including primarily, the national accounting standardization body, the IASB, nternational investors, as well as for the companies themselves. Although previous studies have provided evidence on the benefits of IFRS to quality of financial statement, such as Paglietti and Wang et al. there is a possibility that IFRS might not have a positive impact on company performance at all, in which case companies would not be too enthusiastic in adopting IFRS (outside of for compliance reasons). Based on the above discussion, this study will investigate whether adoption of IFRS is acknowledged by investment community and influences the investment decision making. The research result expected will give insight to firm and Jurisd iction whether to move into a single standard on financial reporting or not. This can be useful information for other emerging markets that are still not fully adopting this new standard such as Indonesia and Thailand. 1. 4 Research Question Signalling theory explains that signalling is done by management in order to reduce information asymmetry. A signal is an action taken by the more informed that provides credible information to the less informed. The theory assumes that managers of high-quality firms will have an intention to signal their superiority to the arket as described by Copeland et al.. One such example of signalling is accounting conservatism in which firms provide financial statements information to show that they applying conservative accounting policies which resulting a higher quality of earnings because its principle is to prevents companies to exaggerate profits and helps financial statements reader by providing under representing income and assets. This accounting conservatism is traditionally defined by the adage anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses . Understatement of profits and net assets stated in financial statements is a positive