Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Extra Credit - Essay Example This function enables the managers to establish or create standards of performance and review of the employee output to make sure that all the workers perform to meet the set standards. The controlling function helps in identification of problems and situation to be addressed and implements new performance requirement or standards. The coordinating function takes place in meeting held by management and planning sessions to make sure that all departments a familiar and work in respect to the organization’s goals and objectives. In any organization, coordinating involves management direction, communication and supervision (Roberts 5). Staffing is the function which deals with recruitment of new staff in the organization. The staffing function also deals with development and training, promotion, performance appraisals and transfers. Staffing makes sure that the organization employees the qualified candidates who can deliver and ensure that the organization meets the set goals. Or ganizing is the function which controls the organization’s structure. An organization is laid down on the structure foundation and without a structure an organization can not work successfully. The organization structure which is controlled by the organizing function is involved in designating employee responsibilities and tasks. The organizing function also develops the structure and chain of command in which communication takes place. Finally, planning involves the process of setting goals in respect to the organization’s resources and objectives. The planning process put down the target to be met by an organization at a particular time (Roberts 6). Planning is important in management because it helps the managers to put across targets to be achieved. Putting down the targets makes the employee and management team to work hard in order to meet organizational goal. Organizing is important to management because it gives a clear structure of

A study of acetylcholinesterase and its inhibition Essay

A study of acetylcholinesterase and its inhibition - Essay Example The purpose of this study was to explore the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and the physiology of this complex system, and the various disorders associated with the cholinergic system by a review of literature. The central nervous system (CNS) gets a variety of internal and external stimuli. These are integrated and expressed subconsciously through the autonomic nervous system, which modulates the involuntary functions of the body. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) outflow, and the parasympathetic (craniosacral) outflow (Robertson D, 2005.) Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that help neurons to communicate with other neurons through a chemical synapse. They are categorized into four groups: monoamines, amino acids, peptides and acetylcholine. After synthesis, they are packaged and transported, if required, to the presynaptic cell terminal. The release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is triggered by the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic cell terminal. The neurotransmitter then diffuses across the synapse, and activates receptors on the postsynaptic cell resulting in either excitation or inhibition of that cell. The final step in this process is the inactivation of the neurotransmitter by enzymatic breakdown, re-uptake or by neurotransmitter diffusion. (PKAL conference, 1997.) Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neuromediator of both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. It is also the mediator of parasympathetic postganglionic fibres. ACh has mostly an excitatory effect but it is known to have inhibitory effects at some of the peripheral parasympathetic nerve endings, like inhibition of the heart by the vagus nerve (Guyton AC, 1986.) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease due to the lack of cholinergic receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although the function of ACh in the brain is not as

Comparison between the South Asia and East Asia during WW1 Essay Example for Free

Comparison between the South Asia and East Asia during WW1 Essay In the twentieth century, WWI was a political tornado of change, sweeping over the entire world, augmenting everything in its path. Although the Allied and Axis powers were affected the most by WWI, East Asia and South Asia were also transformed as well, through considerable social and political reform. In East Asia, China was the country outside of the Allied and Axis powers affected the most in WWI, through the creation of the Chinese Communist Party. After WWI was over, the Treaty of Versailles transferred all German holdings in East Asia, including those in China, to Japan. To China, this was an outrageous offense. Although China certainly didn’t enjoy Germany owning part of their land, to have their worst enemy, Japan, owning it would be positively loathsome. A demonstration broke out in Beijing in protest over Versailles. After being defeated by both Japan and the West, China had enough humiliation and demanded social reform. It was then that Mao Zedong came forth and established the Chinese Communist Party. Although the Nationalists would crush the Communists efforts to overthrow the government, the Communist Party would eventually return and take control, changing China forever, because of the outcomes of WWI. In South Asia, India was affected by WWI through the heightened support of the Indian Nationalist movement. When England forced their colony India to support the war effort, the Indians complied, and the Nationalist movement remained dormant during the war. After WWI was over, most of the world saw Europe as a time bomb of conflict, and this combined with the oppressive efforts to force Indian soldiers into the war cause the Indian Nationalist movement to return full force. Intellectuals like Gandhi appeared with ideas as to what a post colonial India would look like, and almost everyone in India, Muslims and Hindus alike, could agree they wanted England out. Soon, England complied with India’s cries for independence and simply pulled out of South Asia. After discordant internal conflicts, India finally stabilized, with its independence intact, because of the outcomes of WWI. WWI changed the world forever and left many problems unsolved that would return again more forceful than before. In China and India, WWI provoked  social and political reform, but the two outcomes were very different. India gained its independence and set up a Western-style democracy, whereas China would eventually be ravished by the tormenting policies and killing-spree of Mao Zedong. Both India and China were directly affected by the outcomes of WWI.

Limit Of Human Rights In Africa

Limit Of Human Rights In Africa Culture, Gender, and Religion at the Limit of Human Rights in Africa.   The essay will focus on how culture, gender and religion limits human rights in Africa and how the three come into conflict which leads to discursively construct each other via cultural. It will also cover the potential and limitations of the womens rights as human rights in which, attension will be paid to Islamic law-sharia and some of it cases in Nigeria. The essay will also relate international human rights documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, African Charter on human and peoples rights, protocol to the African Charter on Human and peoples Rights of women in Africa, and Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam(sharia law) and conclusion. Legal Pluralism in Human Rights Law: The plurality of norms and values that exist in different African cultues and societies is also reflected within the human rights system itself. The human rights system embodies both individual and communal rights. The tension relationship between the principle of a groups right to self determination and cultural identity, asembodied in the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and Article 16.1 of the Womens convention, which puts an obligation on the states parties to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relationg to marriage and family relation. In the African context is whether the protection of group rights such as culture and religious identity of ethnic group, constitutes a justifiable reason for differential treatment of women and men in African. There has always been great arguement when interpreting the convention in relationa to African States parties, it should be born in mind that African and Western cultures apply different values and norm(Grannes 1994:28) This is because the implementation of Womens convention has proved to be particularly problematic in the area of personal and family law, where it comes into conflict with religious and customary laws and practices. Human Rights in African Over decades now, Africa have been ranked by international Human Rights organizationas like Human Right Watch, Ammesty International and International Crimenial Court as a continent where human rights violations are at it apex especially islamic countries, the violation of womens basic human rights are mostly done in the name of culture and religion.  [1]  After the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 in which pursuit of equal rights for women through international law has been fair from reach. The principle says that everyone is free and equal in diginity and eveveryone is entitled to rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex was started in Articles 1 and 2 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [2]  , African Charter by the Organization of African Unity (now African Unity) in 1986, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Cairo Declaration o n Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1993. Anthropology as an academic discipline has embraced a predominantly ethical relativist stance toward the idea of human rights as a legitimate universal concern for all cultures. In the past years the rising prominence of womens rights as human rights has challenged this point of view. Within the context of the global womens human rights movement, feminist anthropologists are in the forefront of this challenge, striving to uphold anthropologys important focus on cultural context, while at the same time paying deep concern for harmful pracetics against women, with female genital mutilation in African no exception, which may be argued to be morally objectionable outside of any given culture. Human Rights is a very difficult phrase to define. Ones idea of humanity varies in every culture especially in African societies; discrepancies are often found even within a singular culture. Gender,Culture, Religion and social Causes a Barrie to Human Rights in Africa: Violence continues to affect lives of millions of women in African in all socio- legal, economic and educational classes. This is cuting across cultural and religious barriers, which impeding women from taking full participation in societies. One of the greatest barriers to womens economic advancement is violence they face on daily routine. Not only does such violence impede womens ability to live full and productive lives, it also hampers their contributions to family, society and economic development. Violance aganist women is one of the most visible consequences of economic, social, political, legal and cultural inequalities that exist between men and women in Africa, as a result the continent is laging behind the rest of the world  [3]  . Given the subordinate status of women in Africa, women are most exposed to ill treatments, physiological abuse, and physical violence, such gender violence is considered normal and enjoys social sanction. African continent is rich in cultural relativity(culture of discrimination) and norms, as a result it has showed a vital barrier to the implementation of the universal human rights act. A universal agreement among certain human rights provisions is not likely to occur, specifically when dealing with islamic countries in African where transition to more equal rights is most problematic, where elements of Sharia law governing the behaviour of women remain active. In extreme examples in Northern Nigeria, these ancient laws still declaims that adultery is a crime when only carried out by women, and makes it impossible for a man to be convicted of rape. In certain circumstances, conforming to human rights would signify a fundamental change in societies that the elite is not willing to undertake, fearing a potential change in the balance of power while the cultural norms remains unchanged. Violence against women in Africa comes in several forms discrimination, rape and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), which the World Health Orgnazation (WHO) defines as comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. Increasingly, however, FGM is being performed by health care providers and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a persons rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. Despirte global efforts by World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to combat the wild spred of FGM, it still remains donominant in Africa as a cultureal partices, which lives about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM and three million girls are at risk annually  [4]  . The reasons behind female genital mutilation in Africa include a mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities.In most African countries where FGM is a social convention, the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice. Traditions in African believes that FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising up process for girl(s), and a way to prepare them for adulthood and marriage life, it often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behaviour, linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity and is also associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful after removal of body parts that are considered male or unclean. The Africa Traditional Reglions (ATRs) is the only religion that fully support to the practice, practitioners often believe the practice has religious support, othe r religious leaders take active positions with regard to FGM: some still promote it, some consider it unimportant to religion, and others are still kicking against the idea. Potential and Limitations of Womens Rights as Human Rights Social and economic indicators for African countries consistently show that women bear the greatest brunt of hardship because of disciminatory lwas against them, efforts to modernise this discriminatory laws have been frustrated by deep-rooted cultural barriers that runs in opposite direction with developments . Women in Africa contribute in numerous ways to the national development of every country. They are responsible for nearly all household duties , starting from food productions and processing exercises. Often, women tend to be viewed not as individuals, but as part of the male-headed household with some unique needs of their own related to their preceived roles, if given the rigts they can be at the front line of major global issues. Women organizations in Africa and around world such as Formum for African Women Educationalist (FAWE) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) have been actively involve in using different approaches in seeing the the rights of women as stated in various international human rights docuents be met,their efforts are far from reach in Africa. Sharai Law: The word sharia means the path to a watering hole. It denotes an Islamic way of life that is more than a system of criminal justice. Sharia is a religious code for living, in the same way that the Bible offers a moral system for Christians. It is adopted by most Muslims to a greater or lesser degree as a matter of personal conscience, but it can also be formally instituted as law by certain states and enforced by the courts. Many Islamic countries have adopted elements of sharia law, governing areas such as inheritance, banking and contract law. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case One: Safiya Hussaini, age 35, was sentenced to death by stoning in October 2002 for allegedly having a child with a married neighbour. She had the child after her divorce, but maintained the father was her former husband and that they were married when the child was conceived. The court convicted her, but Hussaini won an appeal, this time alleging that she had sex out of wedlock before sharia law took effect. Sharai Law in Nigeria Case Two: In 2001, a teenage single mother was given 100 lashes for adultery, even though she argued she was raped by three men. The court said Bariya Ibrahim Magazu could not prove that the men forced her to have sex. Sexual discrimenation is transparent in this case, The Sharai law failed to bring the three men to book for raping, insisted all the blame was put on the woman alone. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case Three: In 2002, Adama Unusua, who was 19 and pregnant, was recently sentenced to 100 lashes in public for having sex with her fiance.  [5]   International Human Rights Documents and Sharia Law in Africa: The African continent ratified international and regional human rights protection instruments, human rights violations such as discrimination against women persists widely both in law and practice.The international commettee remains particularly concerned by the currently violations of human rights in Africa especially the ones currently going on in North Africa andWest Africa(Ivory Coast). The persistence of discriminatory laws; lack of perfect harmonisation between statutory and customary laws and the application of Sharia laws constantly increase violence against women, including widowhood rites; and obstacles to access top employment opportunities leades tonor right in decision-making that even affects them.The Shariagoes in oppsite direction with all international and regional human rights documents, expect in the Cariro Declaration on Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islam Conferencce in may 1993, which made provision in Article 2  [6]   Conclusion: Increase in the violation of huma rights in Africa is at it apex point, both the international and regional commeteer need to pay much attension to this issues, especially the violation of fundamental rights which are clearly speelts in all human rights documents with execption to Articule 2(c) p 4 of the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights.Womens rights must be respected by eliminating all form of discrimination against them, so that they can see themselves as partners in development in African.

Psychology Of Television Essay -- essays research papers

Psychology of Television   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today many people think that television is the cause of violence in today’s youth. Many have pondered that television disturbs traditions as well as interferes with the minds of adolecened children who can not yet comprehend the truth of fiction and reality. Thus television has become a widely talked about controversy, mainly because of the fatal incidents that have been occurring during the past couple of years. Questions are being raised and people want answers. What kind of effects does the television have on human beings?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society the public is interested in the detailed information about the content of television. Persons who work in the media are often concerned with what the television portrays and why it portrays the way it does. Even though they know that their shows are representative to their viewers tastes and not that of the “real world.'; Although this information is not acknowledged as fiction or non-fiction it is still portrayed and processed information by the viewer. One must be able to realize, “How this information is different from everyday life?'; By mocking a family, situation, or community, distortions and biases occur on the television when these subjects are compared to “real life.'; Still unsure of these problems the majority of humans watch even when they don’t understand – why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television is a medium of novelty, with each new season bringing new shows with dreamier characters and more enticing situations. These shows are successful because they challenge one’s wisdom if he or she were in the same situation. This is the reason why people are starting to question and be afraid of the pushed boundaries of television. With the dramatic increase of violence in today’s world the programmers are filling ones mind of not wisdom, but the dark escape of violence which makes up the viewers mind for them. The definition of physical violence is stated as these two presented:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animated being or group of beings. (National... ... which audience members are said to be “recruited';. Thus, the individual “learns to recognize itself in a series of subject positions...which are the positions from which discourse is intelligible to itself and others (Academic Press, 103). The viewer is not compelled to take a position even though there are different ones offered by the program. In either case it would seem that the logical effect remains within the discourse and does not translate directly to the viewer. The simple answer to the objection is that the reader will not be able to make sense of what he or she sees other than identifying with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that you know some of the ways that television programs can cloud your mind, try and be more observant when you or your little one is sitting in front of the television. You are watching more than “just some thing on TV.'; Television today is getting more violent and graphic, and that is not the worst of it. Programmers are playing with a young child’s mind – with my mind, and even with yours. People just don’t realize it, or they choose to ignore it, until something drastic happens.

A Portrait Of Duke Ellington By Tracy Frech Essay -- essays research p

A Portrait of Duke Ellington By Tracy Frech Duke Ellington is considered to be one of the greatest figures in the history of American music. Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington was born in Washington D.C. on April 29, 1899. His parents were James Edward and Daisy Kennedy Ellington. They raised Duke as an only child, until his sister, Ruth, was born when Duke was sixteen years old. Duke, even as a teenager, had a great talent for music. In the beginning of his musical life, Duke began to take a promising interest in a new type of music that would later be called jazz. Choosing to base his career on a new idea may not have been smart, but Duke did take this chance and in turn became one of the most famous musicians in America. Duke's first job was at a government office. He was a clerk who received the minimum wage and was barely getting by. He would arrange dance bands for weddings and parties for extra money. His mother taught him how to play the piano. Sometimes he put this knowledge to use and played at a few of the dance parties and weddings. After Duke's first job, he became more interested in painting and the arts. For a few years he painted public posters. Duke then decided to put together his own band. At this point in his life things started to change for the better for Duke, but not for long. In those days, this new music was just beginning to develop and would later be given the name of jazz. In that time it was considered to be low and vulgar because it was music that grew directly out of the Black culture. In those early years, segregation was at one of its all time worst points in history. I think that is why Duke Ellington was one of the most important individuals to the growth and development of jazz. During Duke's long career, the new music slowly spread out of bars and saloons, to dance and night clubs and then eventually onto the concert stage. In time, jazz became a universally recognized form of art and has been said that it is the only real form that has originated from the American soul. By the 1960's Duke traveled the globe so many times that he became known as the unofficial ambassador to the United States. Duke's band had played in Russia, Japan, Latin America, the Far East, the Middle East, and Africa. Duke, himself, was an elegant man. When the white people looked down on the black man and his music, Duke managed to brin... ...6 that boomed with popularity as the demand for big bands playing this new swing music was in intense demand. Later on Duke hired a lyrical writer named Billy Strayhorn that led a premature death in 1967. But when Strayhorn was with the band he wrote many compositions that often went into the band's book of music. Then in 1942 Duke hired one of the best tenor saxophonists ever and let him play the first tenor sax solo ever arranged by Duke Ellington. In 1951 Saxophonist Johnny Hodges, trombonist Lawrence Brown, and Sonny Greer left the band together and formed their own band but then in 1955 Sonny Greer returned to the band and stayed with Duke until his death in 1970. And then by the 1950's the Ellington band was carrying on almost alone. By 1972 the times and styles of the world no longer fit the old time style of Duke' s band. The band was not known like it used to be and that could be the point in time I suppose you could say that the band broke up. Duke Ellington's career spanned the whole history of the birth of the music called jazz. And nowhere in that glorious history is there a man who had more love for music, more respect for his art, than the man they called the Duke.

Censorship in Comic Books Essay

In an age of video-game violence and the nearly-anything-goes Internet, it’s instructive to read that once upon a time, not that long ago, Congress was  concerned about what was widely viewed as a serious menace to American youth: comic books. David Hajdu’s The Ten-Cent Plague is both cultural history and cautionary tale about censorship. It’s a well-written, detailed look at how comic books became a phenomenon in the early 1950s and how authorities cracked down on the most popular form of entertainment in America. At the time, comics were selling more than 80 million copies a week. But unlike movies and the new TV industry, they were unregulated — at least for a while. Their content was shifting from the noble exploits of superheroes to edgier and darker material: stories of crime, vice, lust and horror. Congress held televised hearings on what was described as the link between comics and juvenile delinquency. Bill Gaines, publisher of EC Comics, was high on amphetamines as he haplessly tried to explain how an illustration of a man holding a severed head could be in â€Å"good taste.† States and cities passed laws to ban or limit sales. Schools urged students to bring their comics to school to be burned in celebratory bonfires. In 1954, comic-book publishers adopted a code that banned the words â€Å"terror† and â€Å"horror† and declared that â€Å"policemen, judges, government officials and respected institutions shall never be presented in such a way as to create disrespect for established authority.† The author, a critic for The New Republic, is sympathetic to the artists and writers caught up in â€Å"the hysteria over comic books.† His research is impressive. His appendix lists 15 pages of names of those â€Å"who never again worked in comics after the purge of the 1950s.† Gaines, who had such a disastrous time at the congressional hearings, had the last laugh. To avoid censorship of the code, he converted one of his comics into a magazine format. Mad became the most popular and satirical youth magazine of the ’60s and ’70s. (c) USA TODAY, 2008 Source: USA Today, MAR 20, 2008 Item: J0E400932994108